Use of Leisure Time Essay -- Working Ecology Vacations Essays

Use of Leisure Time Most people would agree that Americans are workaholics. Sixty- and seventy-hour workweeks are nearly the norm in this society. College students carry xviii credit hours plus a part-time job. Therefore, what people choose to do with their precious free time says a lot about them. Knowing the intercourse amount of time that they spend with their friends or family, obtain, or sitting at home with the TV is a good indication of the entire present of the culture. even up the types of public places people go for recreation are signs of what is important to them. I have my own speculation of what people generally do with their free time. My theory is similar to what Ray Oldenburg said in The Problem of Place in America. Oldenburg bemoans the loss of public places where people go to socialize. He said, and I agreed, that people mostly live in their houses and never go out. When they do go out, they mostly shop. When they are home, they socialize with those who are home with them their family (Oldenburg, 1989). Oldenburg focused on suburbs, but I believed that it would also apply to people who lived in other places as well. I devised a small 5-question survey, which I hoped would summarize peoples behavior on this topic. My survey asked the following questions. (1) What percent of your leisure time do you spend at home? (2) What percent of your leisure time do you spend shopping ( non for necessities)? (3) Is there a public place you can go where you are likely to run into someone you know? (4) What percent of your leisure time do you spend socializing with people outside your family? (5) How old are you. For questions 1, 2, and 4 the possible answers were 100 percent, 75 percent, 50 perc... ... people to see that they and their neighbors are non really so cut off from everyone. If most people are like Mr. Oldenburg, and me then they believe that our society is in a sad state of affairs -- that they are selfish an d self-serving and have no interest in socializing with our neighbors. This study, though limited, seems to prove otherwise.I had set out to ground the true nature of how people tend to use their leisure time, and I found it. It was not what I intended to show, but I am not disappointed. If anything, there seems to be a renewed sense of humanity and community among the people who responded to the survey, and how could anyone be disappointed in that?ReferencesOldenburg, R. (1989). A forest of voices Conversations in ecology. In C. Anderson & L. runciman (Eds.), The problem of place in America (pp. 94-109). Mountain View Mayfield.

Essays --

The biological approach is a method that looks at our genetics to figure out a reason as to why one behaves in a particular way and why someoneistics develop abnormal behaviors. The biological theorists who study behavioral genetics study in what manner genetic influences effect behavior. Biological factors such as chromosomes have a substantial effect on humans and their behaviors. Most of what psychologists know or so biological influences on personality is derived from twin studies. Twin studies examine and compare monozygotic (identical) and dizygotic (fraternal) correspond. This is done because identical twins share the same desoxyribonucleic acid and are therefore predicted to share the same levels of specific traits. They are studied in cases where the twins are both reared together and separately to understand individual differences and similarities in personalities in these twins in most cases even when the identical twins are reared apart they often are similar in regar ds to their charge choices and personality characteristics. While fraternal twins share about fifty percent of the same DNA which is about the same amount as non-twin siblings. The outlet of fraternal twins is similar to the outcome of individuals not born as twins, meaning the pair of DZ twins will have different personality traits (Holzinger, 1929). This demonstrates that although MZ twins are reared apart they still share the same personality traits because they are heritable. The biological aspect of traits is explained through genetics. Biology is the influence for most of the complex and obscure phenomena that occur within a human being, the same can be applied to the personality of an individual. The Big Five is a list of the five hollow out personality traits that all indivi... ...onality model (Costa and McCrae, 1988). Without an appropriate caregiver to provide nurture a person can be high on neuroticism, and low on extroversion, openness to experience, agreeableness , and conscientiousness meaning the person will be immensely psychologically unstable. Without stability and emotional support as a child, as an adult, an individual do not learn how to cope with the pressures of life (Bleidorn et al., 2010). This is apparent when individuals are extremely anxious, and self-conscious, introverted and displaying negative emotions about everything, not open to new experiences or people, has issues trusting others, and has little to no self-discipline (Rothbart, Ahadi, and Evans, 2000). A child that has been nurtured has been brought up in a positive and loving environment will have great psychological health and will be a stable/functional adult.

The Donora Death Fog :: Air Pollution Environmental Issues Essays

The Donora Death FogD-Town Back home in Canonsburg, a small suburb outside of Pittsburgh, this is how we signify to Donora. We joke that the only thing in Donora is the roller skating rink, but even this is inaccessible to anyone whos not a D-town native because when you are at the age to want to go roller skating you arent brave sufficient to enter into the Donora city limits. Only dedicated roller-skaters are brave enough to dare the elements of Donora. Of course, one, particularly a girl, would never think of going to Donora alone. But for me, I was never really that scared of Donora because my grandparents live nearby and we used to set about dinner at the Ponderosa that has since closed. But, I never missed the opportunity to poke fun at that rough territory. Recently, I drove through D-town. The shops are boarded up. Theres graffiti everywhere. In addition to the roller rink there are a few bars and decrepit restaurants. I evermore assumed that it was the gigantic Wal-mart that had caused this once thriving town to fall to shambles. But, this town, as I recently learned, was the site of the worst recorded industrial air befoulment accident in US history (The Donora Fluoride Fog). This disaster intrigued me, so I decided to do some research regarding what happened. My investigation first take me to align that twenty people died from October 26-31, 1948 (Pennsylvania DEP). According to the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation website, the town population was about 14,000 at the time of the disaster. Devastatingly, about half-7,000-of those people became ill or hospitalized. My investigation led me to discover that this disaster was created by unchecked industrial emissions and stagnant air conditions (Donoras Killer Smog Noted at 50). These conditions led to a smog fog hanging around the area. The American Steel & Wire Co., a subsidiary of the US Steel Group, was the local plant responsible for(p) for producing these emissions and conditions. It is also widely accepted that the weather conditions were prominent in producing the disaster. In October of 1998, spokespeople for the industry agreed that the disaster was unfortunate and tragic, but did not fail to level that, at the time of the disaster, clean air acts did not exist. If any good could come from this disaster it was the funding for research about clean air and the eventual(prenominal) passing of clean air acts and legislation.

Abortion: Points Of View :: essays research papers

Abortion Points of ViewIt is nearly impossible any more(prenominal) to find someone who doesnt have an ruling about abortion, and probably a strong opinion at that. Yet the endlessdebates on the topic usually go nowhere, leaving the opponents even morecommitted to their positions and the open-minded observers confused. Both sidesmake a good case. An unwanted child is a pitiful thing, and the attendant socialproblems (single motherhood, financial destitution, child neglect, and urbanovercrowding, to name just a few) do not have easy solutions. On the other hand,the thought of terminating something that, if left to run its natural course,would ultimately will in the birth of a human being gives all but the mosthard-hearted among us cause for serious introspection.One reason the debate goes nowhere is that each side focuses on adifferent topic. We make no progress because we are not talking about the samething. The pro-abortionist prefers to discuss choice, and to bide on all of thes ocial problems inherent in an unwanted child. The anti-abortionist isinterested primarily in protecting the life of the fetus. In simple terms, thepro-abortionist focuses on a womans rights and the anti-abortionist focuses ona fetus rights. Though interrelated, these are basically different topics.Though neither side realizes it, there is actually much more obligationthan unlikeness between the opposing views. The majority on both sides wouldagree that social problems like child neglect and urban overcrowding are serious counters. Most would alike agree that the life of a child is a precious thing thatdeserves the full protection of the law. There would even be nearly universalagreement that it is a womans exclusive right to make decisions concerning herbody. So wheres the disagreement? The entire complex issue comes down to onequestionIs the fetus a somebody? If you believe it is not a person, then it issimply part of the womans body and subject to her exclusive control. From th ispoint of view, any attempt to diminish that control is a cruel infringement upona womans rights. If, however, you believe the fetus is a person, then you areobligated to protect it, even to the point of delimiting the actions of thewoman carrying it. For you, the suggestion that this issue is a matter ofpersonal choice is like saying that whether or not a parent kills a two-year-oldis a matter of personal choice.The finish of these pages is to examine the abortion debate from severalperspectives, focusing on the question of when the fetus life as a person

Death and Duck Season :: Broughton Duck Season Essays

Death and plunge Season In the short story Duck Season, T. Alan Broughton introduces an everyday family from upstate New York, during the fetch upy, fall season. The protagonist, Gracie, is dying of peckcer, while her husband and children live in denial and try their best to carry on with their lives. Broughton uses the restate structural device of flashback to depict a vivid image from the eyes of a lonely, bed-ridden Gracie. In looking at this story from a structural criticism, it can be broken down into seven parts that reinforce the theme Cherish the time with a loved one because it can end in an untimely manner. To begin, Gracie is lying in bed one morning and she describes the scenery through her window This fall had been unusually mild, barely all night the wind had shaken and battered the house, ripping away the warm rainy weather (135). Sadly, Gracies only outlet to the outside world is what she sees through her bedroom window and her memories of when she w as well. Broughton and then uses flashback to introduce Gracies husband Len. He is a mechanic by trade and stubborn by nature. The author describes the euphoria of duck hunting season as a symbol for the world of denial Len lives in, because he cannot face the fact that Gracie was dying of cancer. Once she had said to Len, Im going to die soon, Stop trying to pretend, but he looked at her as if she had betrayed him (136). Lens state of denial continues to be reinforced until the climax of the story. In the second part of the story, Broughton presents Len and Gracies three young children Georgie, Betsey, and Adele. He besides presents Father Rivard, who later makes Len address the reality of Gracies dying. Broughton shows that the children are being taught to move on with their lives before Gracie even passes. They became uncomfortable in their mothers presence. She noticed how relieved they were to hitch and go (137). Then, Broughton employs irony in his flashback to liken Gracie to her son Georgie, all-alone in the schoolyard. Now all of them were that way, further and further away from her, and sometimes even the children seemed to look at her from a huge distance (137).

Death and Duck Season :: Broughton Duck Season Essays

Death and Duck Season In the short story Duck Season, T. Alan Broughton introduces an everyday family from up utter New York, during the windy, make pass season. The protagonist, Gracie, is dying of cancer, while her husband and children live in defense force and try their best to carry on with their lives. Broughton uses the repeated structural device of flashback to depict a vivid image from the eyes of a lonely, nates-ridden Gracie. In looking at this story from a structural criticism, it can be broken down into vii parts that reinforce the theme Cherish the time with a loved one because it can end in an untimely manner. To begin, Gracie is lying in bed one morning and she describes the scenery through her window This fall had been unusually mild, but all night the wind had shaken and battered the house, ripping forth the warm rainy weather (135). Sadly, Gracies only outlet to the outside world is what she sees through her bedroom window and her memories of when she was well. Broughton then uses flashback to introduce Gracies husband Len. He is a mechanic by trade and stubborn by nature. The author describes the euphoria of duck hunting season as a symbol for the world of denial Len lives in, because he cannot face the fact that Gracie was dying of cancer. Once she had said to Len, Im going to die soon, Stop trying to pretend, but he looked at her as if she had betrayed him (136). Lens state of denial continues to be reinforced until the climax of the story. In the second part of the story, Broughton presents Len and Gracies three young children Georgie, Betsey, and Adele. He also presents Father Rivard, who later makes Len address the humans of Gracies dying. Broughton shows that the children are being taught to move on with their lives before Gracie even passes. They became uncomfortable in their mothers presence. She noticed how relieved they were to turn and go (137). Then, Broughton employs irony in his flashback to eq ual Gracie to her son Georgie, all-alone in the schoolyard. Now all of them were that way, further and further away from her, and sometimes even the children seemed to look at her from a huge distance (137).

The Tuskegee Experiment

The Tuskegee experi handst was yet another demonstration of racial inequalities and dehumanization illustrated by a people who entrustd in racial superiority. The examine was unethical and demoralizing from the beginning. The analysis was corrupt and unethical for a plethora of reasons. The experiment disregarded several(prenominal) basic principles of the American Sociological Associations code of ethics. Perhaps the greatest flaw in the experiment was the intended denial of treatment, which, in turn, now affected the subjects safety, violating the code of protecting subjects from personal harm. Respect the subjects right to privacy and dignity is an additional wont in the code of ethics ignored. The researchers clearly could not even conceive the thought of respecting these inferior racial guinea pigs, not their health, their dignity, or their humanity. The fact that these men were made a mockery of, lied to, and belittled affirms that the informed consent was nothing more than a deceitful tactic to involve the individuals.The men were talk over that they were ill and were promised care, and were not told they were participants in an experiment, which precisely disrupts the code of seeking informed consent when data are collected from research participants or when behavior occurs in a private context. Though the event preceded the declaration of the informed consent notion, it is nevertheless fraudulent because of the timeline and deceptions planned and carried place by the conductors, therefore it should still be factored in, because of the depth and the fact that the participants were bamboozled.The fact that the treatments were ineffective have nothing to do with the experiment being ethical, as far as the conductors were concerned, treatment was out of the equation anyway, so the fact that the dosages were toxic is irrelevant. The advanced genius of the syphilis in each patient contri besideses to the prevailing thought that the scan was not si ghtly misguided, but unscrupulous as well. These men needed immediate medical care, but the urgency was of no concern to the researchers.The fact that these men were told they were ill (and that they were) and promised care, but were denied it, provides further evidence that experiment should have been stopped before it was even initialized, but realistically that was not going to happen. When the patients began dying off, the researchers should have stepped in, stopped the study and treated the patients, but because of the ignorance and easily influence nature of the subjects, they were not given treatment.Ignorance is deemed the right term and so, but only because the researchers left out the whole nature of the experiment. They were given placebos, food, shelter, and constant letters informing them they were being treated and followed up on. Initially, I believe the patients were, in a way, excited about the treatment, because they thought it was just that, treatment. The partic ipants were not too quick to jump into the research though, until of course, they were given incentives, their cooperation was built on the promise of help and generosity of mankind.As time moved forward, I believe they were still hopeful due in part to the fabrication of treatment, but maybe a bit suspicious, hence the start of the covers for burial preparations if death, in fact, infatuated them. As the years progressed, many participants died, from the severity of their illness, so therefore much of the primary evidence of feelings and emotions is not known. Over time, I expect that the attitudes toward the experiment, from the perspective of the participants and outsiders, did indeed change, and not positively. In decades following, the attention became negative, angry, and impatient.As of now, I believe people, of all races, are utterly disgusted and outraged. The fact that this continued for nearly forty years is unimagined and ridiculous. Withholding information of this mag nitude, which affects ones health or safety is unacceptable. In other studies, it can be accepted, because many times, knowing the intent of an experiment can alter the outcome, defined in the Hawthorne Effect. So long as the study does not inflict harm or danger to its subjects, both physically and mentally, withholding information can be justified.When an experiment is found to be unethical or corrupt period, the information gathered should be discarded and not used or profited for the advancement of science, because that in turn, discredits science in general. If the results were to be published and interpreted, being incorrect, then future experiments and observations founded on these primitive notions will not only be invalid, but could lead to negative effects. To conclude, not only was the trail immoral and unethical, it could have potentially changed the face of science and how we look at diseases, such as syphilis itself.

An analyses on Mount Franklin Market Positioning Strategy Essay

1. IntroductionWater is the fountain of all life and is a found assume of the body. Over 60 per centum of our body weight is made up of weewee. In Australia, most people ar drinking tapped pee system at present at home, but while traveling or eating out in restaurants, buying bottled water has become one of the most popular choices This need has been well explored by some beverage producers, both local and overseas. So today there are various scores of drinking water in Australian market. Among them, draw close Franklin (start from 1994) has become Australias favourite water brand and the most recognized. This paper focuses on studying befool Franklins marketing positioning dodge by using perceptual represent method, in order to decompose a successful brand in drinking water industry and leave recomm deceaseations for a new brand that would like to enter into this market.2. Marketing conceptsa. Market positioningPositioning can be defined as the act of designing the c ompanys offering so that it occupies a meaningful and distinct position in the train customers mind.(Jobber & Fahy, 2009) It is the final and fatal spirit level of the process of goat marketing strategy which involves designing product features and image which are distinguishing from competitors in the existing market for the purpose of appealing to the specific target market segment. It is combined marketing strategies that result in how the organisation wants a product or brand to be perceived by the market. Positioning is this instant related to brand values, market demographics and the image of the product in the market. b. Perceptual mappingPerceptual mapping is a diagrammatic technique used by asset marketers that attempts to visually display the perceptions of customers or potential customers.3. Brands introducinga. Mount FranklinOwned by Coca-Cola Amatil, Mount Franklin took the leading position in Australian bottle water market in past decade, and accounted for 20%off- trade volume sales in 2012. According to Coca-Colas market research, Mount Franklin water has a 99 percent brand awareness and 43 percent of females aged 25-39 say that Mount Franklin is their favourite brand. b. Mount Franklins market positioning strategyMount Franklin represents and promotes an overall sense of wellbeing. Young female model Jennifer Hawkins as brand celebrity which promotes the healthy and fresh image of its product. Make the brand closely associated to the community to this end Mount Franklin has established the Drink Positive, Think Positive, campaign. Moreover, the brand has enhanced this connection through its community partnerships with the National Breast Cancer Foundation. Make consumers feel the barter for of Mount Franklin as helping themselves and the environment by changing the package to the easy-crush bottle which is good for the environment as well as being resembling to that of the original product. The new 600ml Mount Franklin Easy-Crush Bottle is made with 35% less plastic and has a carbon footprint which is 27% lighter than the previous bottle. Be of support to Australian economy by consuming Mount Franklin water as the local brand. c. Other brands in Australian marketAlong with the snatch one bands, there are hundreds of other drinking water brands in Australian market. Although hardly close to Mount Franklins leading position, some of them are making rational market share, including Pump (another drinking water brands owned by Coca-Cola), Evian, NU Pure, Mount Lofty, Coles bottled water, Woolworth bottled water, etc.4. A perceptual map of drinking water market in AustraliaA perceptual map could be in two dimensions or multiple dimensions, depending on the attributes taken into consideration when analysing a target market.a. QualityAs a necessity of life, quality of water is most critical attribute when people choose a bottled water. Mount Franklin spring water is collected locally and bottled daily. It is filtered thr ee times via micro filters, to eliminate any tiny particles naturally found in spring water. This ensures that every bottle of Mount Franklin is of exceptional purity and quality.b. PriceDrinking water, as a commercial product, its charge ranks secondly important. Usually, consumers will compare the price accessible in marketplace when purchasing a product. Mount Franklins prices vary from store to store. In CCA vending machines the price for a 600mL bottle is $3.00, which comparably higher.c. AccessibilityIt is about how soft consumers could purchase a target product and make an important role in fast moving consumer goods industry including drinking water. Mount Franklin is found astray in supermarkets, convenience stores, vending machines and other vendor services e.g. petrol stations and newsagents.d. Brand awarenessConsumers are more likely to choose a well-known brand when the face more than one options. As mentioned before, Mount Franklin water has a 99 percent brand awaren ess in Australia.e. protrude and packagingStylish design in package may attract more attention, by printing Jennifer Hawkins image on light sparking water bottle wrap, it is thought to be fashionable by some young people to hold a bottle of that water.f. Perceptual MappingTechnically, it is hard to draw a perceptual map by taking all these attributes into consideration. Three of them will be demonstrated in the following diagramg. Analyse on perceptual mappingUsually, brands with high awareness in public price higher on their products, meanwhile, high quality is required to maintain the positive image in consumers. As drinking product, consumers are more likely to make decisions rely on the brand awareness. Price is also an important attribute, so the products with reasonable price also make good sales. Big brands such as Coles and Woolworth can easily develop related ancillary products by using their brands influence.5. ConclusionAs a critical strategy, positioning plays a signifi cant role in making market decisions. As an efficient tool, perceptual mapping provides marketer a visual indication of consumers perception of how a brand or a product compares with its competitors. An important point should be mentioned here, the position of a brand is negotiable rather than fixed. (which related another marketing process i.e. repositioning) By examining the positions regularly of their own and competitors, marketers may decide where and when necessary make a change to their position. 6. RecommendationsAs a new brand planning to enter into a specific market, it is an effective way of getting a related perceptual mapping to analyse the target market. It is also critical to position the brand in a reasonable way. Usually it is a wise choice for a new brand to start from the market with less competitors. Sometimes companies that are located in similar position in conceptual map might not competitors. Mount Franklin set a good example of positioning brands with socia l connection.7. ReferencesDavid J. and John F. 2009, Foundations of marketing, 3rd ed., McGraw-Hill higher Education,5 120-122 Dong J. K., Woo G. K. and Jin S. H., A perceptual mapping mapping of online travel agencies and preference attributes. Tourist Management 28 (2007) 591-603 Liz H. and Terry O.2004, Foundation marketing, 3rd ed., Prentice Hall,6167-169 Australias First Bottled Water Brand 2012, Mount Franklin, viewed 3 April 2014, http//mountfranklinwater.com.au/our-story/ Australian-bottled-water-market-led-by-Coca-Cola-s-Mount-Franklin, viewed 3 April,2014, http//www.companiesandmarkets.com/News/Food-and-Drink/Australian-bottled-water-market-led-by-Coca-Cola-s-Mount-Franklin/NI8553 Mount Franklin, Drink Positive, Think Positive, viewed 3 April 2014, http//prezi.com/yjdi190hvzko/copy-of-copy-of-copy-of-mount-franklin/

Deviation from Social Code: Analysis of Characters and Theme of The Age of Innocence

Edith Whartons The Age of Innocence (1920) is a detailed depiction of social conventions and decorum of the high federation of New York during the late nineteenth century. One of the central themes of the novel is the struggle of an individual inside a rigid troupe. Order, loyalty, tradition and avocation are the values upheld by the society where Newland archer grew up. He is a lawyer, engaged to be married to May Welland, raised to be a perfect wife and mother according to societys standards (Wharton, 1998).These same rules and standards dictate that she pretends to be ignorant of her fiances feelings toward Countess Ellen Olenska. For a long time, Newland and Ellen had to sacrifice their desires and feelings in order to maintain order in society. golf club in The Age of Innocence shapes and directs the life of an individual, sacrificing what they truly want and truly believe in. Societys forms and conventions decide how one should think and behave. Societys primary agent of it s laws is the family, specifically the old money families belonging to the high society New York.These are the families with inherited wealth which separates them from the lower class. Their wealth is an distinguished dimension in stratification because it ensures the financial stability of the future generation of the family. Their old money allows them a luxurious lifestyle without having the need to work. The greatest contemplation of the importance of order is seen in family. It is the foremost duty of the individual to promote and protect the harmony of his/her blood and marital relationships.The family disapproved Ellens decision to divorce his husband despite his being abusive and cruel to her. For them, it was just natural to endure little sacrifices to maintain the family. By going against their principles, she became an outcast someone who is pitiful. At first, Newland was hesitant to be associated with Ellen. She has a bad reputation and he wanted nothing to do with h er. However, the family expected him to help bring Ellen out in the public so he was forced to enter the Mingotts opera box and introduce himself.And of course eventually, they hide their true feelings in fear of hurting their family. Following this duty to the family and society, a code of morality dictates the actions and thinking of the individual in whatever aspect of his/her life. May informed Newland of her passion by letting him guess that she cares for him as this is the only way a love of a young unmarried woman should be declared. She must conform to societys perfect passage of a young maiden ? versedly innocent and ignorant on matters about affairs and passion (Barker-Benfield, 2000).She was fist seen with white lilies in the valley, unwitting of sexual implications of the scenes in the play she is watching. Later in the book, it was established that from the start she was aware of Newlands feelings towards the Countess entirely she chose to remain silent and follow t he code of ignorance. Despite this knowledge, her wed at Grace Church must continue to maintain the order on how things should be done. Newland has his own list of socially mandated duties according to Lawrence Lefferts and Sillerton Jackson, expert on manners and expert on family matters, respectively.Order in society is maintained through these rarefied practices to continue the continued existence of the civilization. The social code is strictly enforce by society which compromises the personal freedom of the individual (Charles, Davies & Harris, 2008). Sometimes a family member has to let go of his/her personal wants and follow the decision of the family to avoid frugal and political sanctions. Newland and Ellen could not pursue each other in order to maintain their social integrity. Even a simple walk together cannot be done without arousing suspicion.To be divorced to a husband is frowned by society eventhough that husband treats you badly, go out with other women even men. Her family wanted her to seek reconciliation with her husband in order to reaffirm the values of society. When she refused to do so, they cut off her allowance as a consequence for her decision. In the end, Ellen chose to maintain her individualisation by leaving America, a price she had to pay. She was forced out of New York, condemned by her own family, who believed that she and Newland are having a secret affair.Newland defended the right of Ellen to be with other man Im sick of the hypocrisy that would bury alive a woman of her age if her husband prefers to live with harlots Women ought to be free as free as we are, he declared, making a discovery of which he was too irritated to measure the terrific consequences. (Wharton, Book One, Chapter 5, p. 35) He condemned the double-standard prevalent in the society where a man can seek sexual pleasures outside a failed nuptials but the woman cannot.He may have progressive views but he was unaware of their implications in his ow n very traditional marriage. But these codes exist not without loopholes. Those who found these loopholes are often despised but still accepted in the society. Hypocrisy is parking area and rampant in Old New York high society. Families attend balls and gatherings hosted by the same person they contempt for being so common who they would gladly exile following the collapse of his business. Lawrence Lefferts claims to be an expert in Christian virtues while snubbing Ellen for being a divorcee.Newland is aware that if he leaves May for Ellen, societys sympathy will pour for May. She told Ellen of her pregnancy despite being unsure of it to drive her away from Newland. She was aware of Newlands passion for Ellen but did not say anything. This society, with its rigid rules and conventions, was challenged by the arrival of a new society symbolized by the Beauforts and Countess Ellen Olenska. Though they were not successful in blending and harmonizing with the old societys tradition, the y opened new possibilities of otherwise closed-minded individuals.Towards the end of the novel, it became clear that a new order has taken over with fresh ideas and movements. They began to consider and allot importance to different things such as interesting and artistic people. There was an obvious change of attitude to people like the Beauforts. Beauforts illegitimate daughter, Fanny, and her marriage with Dallas Archer were not objected by society. In fact they were fond of her bright personality. Society did not post any obstacle to Newland and Ellen being together but Newland was so stuck in the past that he failed to recognize that time has changed.

Environmental and Social Impacts of Offshore Wind Farms in Botany Bay

Environmental and hearty Impacts of offshore rise lifts in Bot whatsoever Bay When planning seaward wind up farms the succeeding(a) dazes are studied to make sure the purposed project has a net benefit environmentally. Steps can then be taken to manage any negative regard resulting from the construction of the wind farms. Environmental Impact Botany Bay has a diverse marine life the impact of the wind turbines on the environment have surprisingly shown to produce artificial reefs.A recent study Effect of the Horns Rev 1 Offshore speck Farm on search Communities(Leonhard, Stenberg, Stottrup2011) has produced positive results illustrating the turbines have no adverse effect to the marine life and has actually increased the population of some species of fish in the battlefield. It is also shown the or so disturbance will coming in the construction stage of production. cuckold farms also would have effect on the topical anesthetic bird-life as both a collision risk with t he rotors and disturbance and barrier effect to migrating birds.Botany Bay is noted to have close to seventeen species of shorebirds prompting the need for supercharge research to be looked at bird behaviour the area. Social Impact Many studies have been developed to review wind turbines effect on the wellness of people an Australian study Wind Turbines and Health (National Health and Medical Research Council, 2010) concluded that overall wind farms have minimal health effects compared to health burdens of received electricity generation.The concept of wind turbine syndrome includes the worse of the adverse health issues involved in hear loss and insomnia resulting from noise levels of the wind farms provided it is generally believed to be a nocebo reaction to the presence of wind turbine. The noise level of 10 turbines at 350 metres is 35-45 dbA, in comparison to a standard unperturbed room world 35 dbA. The main legitimate health issue includes pain in the ass impact by loc als and according to domain of a function Health Organisation (WHO 1999) annoyance is an adverse health effect.In terms of the planned wind farm at Botany Bays area designing offshore greatly reduces the healthy and visual impact Being far out enough to have no shadow flicker to no effect. Also located in much(prenominal) an urban area sound from city is found to offset the noise level of the wind turbines (Ion Paraschivoiu). Recreational look for in Botany Bay is a large standoff to Botany Bay with commercial fishing currently banned. Several artificial reefs were construction in 2006 to help fish habitats.With the potential of more artificial reefs from the wind farms marine wildlife will look to prosper however building of offshore wind farms will pose safety issues to fishing in the area. Closing fishing areas closest to the wind farms may be necessary to provide proper(a) safety which will most likely irritate local fishermen. Environmental and Social impact of off shore wind farms cannot be taken lightly and for closer look on such effects proper detailed probe have to be made on the surrounding wildlife and population of Botany Bay.Bibliography NSW Department of Primary Industries. (2006). Six artificial reefs for Botany Bay. in stock(predicate) http//www. dpi. nsw. gov. au/ collect/news-releases/fishing-and-aquaculture/2006/artificial-reefs-botany-bay Last accessed 12 Oct 2012. Science Daily. (2010). Offshore Wind Power and Wave Energy Devices Create Artificial Reefs. Available http//www. sciencedaily. com/releases/2010/01/100118132130. htm Last accessed 12 Oct 2012. The Fish send News Desk. (2010). Offshore Wind Power Creates Artificial Reefs.Available http//www. thefishsite. com/fishnews/11577/offshore-wind-power-creates-artificial-reefs Last accessed 12 Oct 2012. Hazel Watson. (2010). Shorebirds of Botany bay. Available http//www. wetrivers. unsw. edu. au/research-projects/shorebirds/shorebirds-of-botany-bay/ Last accessed 12 Oct 2012. The Society for Wind Vigilance. (2010). Annoyance and Wind Turbines. Available http//www. windvigilance. com/about-adverse-health-effects/annoyance-and-wind-turbines Last accessed 12 Oct 2012.Magnus Johnson. (2009). Fisheries, the environment and offshore wind farms Location, location, location.. Availablehttp//www. academia. edu/892929/Fisheries_the_environment_and_offshore_wind_farms_Location_location_location Last accessed 12 Oct 2012. Sustainable tuition Commission ( fall in Kingdom) (SDC), (2005) Wind Power in the UK A guide to the key issues surrounding onshore wind power development in the UK, Government of the United Kingdom, England.Available at http//www. sdcommission. org. uk/ World Health Organization (2004) Energy, sustainable development and health. Background document for the Fourth Ministerial Conference on Environment and Health, 23-25 June 2004, Geneva. Rogers A, Manwell J & Wright S. (2006) Wind Turbine Acoustic Noise. renewable Energy Research Laboratory, University of Massachusetts at Amherst. Wind Turbine Design With Emphasis on Darrieus Concept by Ion ParaschivoiuEnvironmental and Social Impacts of Offshore Wind Farms in Botany BayEnvironmental and Social Impacts of Offshore Wind Farms in Botany Bay When planning offshore wind farms the following impacts are studied to make sure the purposed project has a net benefit environmentally. Steps can then be taken to manage any negative impact resulting from the construction of the wind farms. Environmental Impact Botany Bay has a diverse marine life the impact of the wind turbines on the environment have surprisingly shown to produce artificial reefs.A recent study Effect of the Horns Rev 1 Offshore Wind Farm on Fish Communities(Leonhard, Stenberg, Stottrup2011) has produced positive results illustrating the turbines have no adverse effect to the marine life and has actually increased the population of some species of fish in the area. It is also shown the most disturbance will coming in the cons truction stage of production. Wind farms also would have effects on the local bird-life as both a collision risk with the rotors and disturbance and barrier effect to migrating birds.Botany Bay is noted to have close to seventeen species of shorebirds prompting the need for further research to be looked at bird behaviour the area. Social Impact Many studies have been developed to review wind turbines effect on the health of people an Australian study Wind Turbines and Health (National Health and Medical Research Council, 2010) concluded that overall wind farms have minimal health effects compared to health burdens of conventional electricity generation.The concept of wind turbine syndrome includes the worse of the adverse health issues involved in hear loss and insomnia resulting from noise levels of the wind farms but it is generally believed to be a nocebo reaction to the presence of wind turbine. The noise level of 10 turbines at 350 metres is 35-45 dbA, in comparison to a standa rd quiet room being 35 dbA. The main legitimate health issue includes annoyance impact by locals and according to World Health Organisation (WHO 1999) annoyance is an adverse health effect.In terms of the planned wind farm at Botany Bays area designing offshore greatly reduces the sound and visual impact Being far out enough to have no shadow flicker to no effect. Also located in such an urban area sound from city is found to offset the noise level of the wind turbines (Ion Paraschivoiu). Recreational fishing in Botany Bay is a large attraction to Botany Bay with commercial fishing currently banned. Several artificial reefs were construction in 2006 to help fish habitats.With the potential of more artificial reefs from the wind farms marine wildlife will look to prosper however building of offshore wind farms will pose safety issues to fishing in the area. Closing fishing areas closest to the wind farms may be necessary to provide proper safety which will most likely irritate local fishermen. Environmental and Social impact of off shore wind farms cannot be taken lightly and for closer look on such effects proper detailed investigation have to be made on the surrounding wildlife and population of Botany Bay.Bibliography NSW Department of Primary Industries. (2006). Six artificial reefs for Botany Bay. Available http//www. dpi. nsw. gov. au/archive/news-releases/fishing-and-aquaculture/2006/artificial-reefs-botany-bay Last accessed 12 Oct 2012. Science Daily. (2010). Offshore Wind Power and Wave Energy Devices Create Artificial Reefs. Available http//www. sciencedaily. com/releases/2010/01/100118132130. htm Last accessed 12 Oct 2012. The Fish Site News Desk. (2010). Offshore Wind Power Creates Artificial Reefs.Available http//www. thefishsite. com/fishnews/11577/offshore-wind-power-creates-artificial-reefs Last accessed 12 Oct 2012. Hazel Watson. (2010). Shorebirds of Botany bay. Available http//www. wetrivers. unsw. edu. au/research-projects/shorebirds/shorebi rds-of-botany-bay/ Last accessed 12 Oct 2012. The Society for Wind Vigilance. (2010). Annoyance and Wind Turbines. Available http//www. windvigilance. com/about-adverse-health-effects/annoyance-and-wind-turbines Last accessed 12 Oct 2012.Magnus Johnson. (2009). Fisheries, the environment and offshore wind farms Location, location, location.. Availablehttp//www. academia. edu/892929/Fisheries_the_environment_and_offshore_wind_farms_Location_location_location Last accessed 12 Oct 2012. Sustainable Development Commission (United Kingdom) (SDC), (2005) Wind Power in the UK A guide to the key issues surrounding onshore wind power development in the UK, Government of the United Kingdom, England.Available at http//www. sdcommission. org. uk/ World Health Organization (2004) Energy, sustainable development and health. Background document for the Fourth Ministerial Conference on Environment and Health, 23-25 June 2004, Geneva. Rogers A, Manwell J & Wright S. (2006) Wind Turbine Acoustic Nois e. Renewable Energy Research Laboratory, University of Massachusetts at Amherst. Wind Turbine Design With Emphasis on Darrieus Concept by Ion Paraschivoiu

Howard Kang

In hammy form, be it monologue, dialogue or full theatrical scene, the author sensnot step into the action to comment or interpret for us, as he can in a novel. We must draw our own conclusions from what we see and hear, and this makes for powerful effects, as a character reveals him- or herself to us by what he or she says or does. In the monologue, My Last Duchess Browning misleads us with great skill before we realize that we are earshot to a criminal lunatic. The dramatic effect lies in the surprise we feel as the truth finally emerges.In operation IV, scene iii of Othello on that point is again an agonizing irony for the viewer, who knows much than than Desdemona and is of course impotent to help her. Shakespeare works like a dentist without an anesthetic, and the pain of the audience comes from the unbearable innocence of the doomed Desdemona, who is surely something like the Duchess in Brownings poem, helpless and bewildered in the casing of the murderous insanity of h er husband. The Duke in Brownings My Last Duchess sounds so sane But what makes him more eerie is that he is wonderfully gracious and articulate Willt please you sit and determine at her? (5).As he tells his story he seems to weigh his words with great caution, as if he is quite escaped of the distorting power of anger or any other passion, and is keen to avoid any unfairness in his judgment She had / A heart how shall I say? too soon make glad (21-2), but thanked / Somehow I know not how as if she ranked (31-2). He never raises his voice, and speaks with a measured confidence that quite takes us in. At first we might be tempted to believe that his attitudes are reasonable Sir, twas not / her husbands presence only, called that spot / Of joy into the Duchess cheek (13-15).His direction is restrained even as he hints at her infidelity. The painter flattered her about her appearance, as of course he would, being a Renaissance artist and whole dependent on patronage, but she was charmed by it foolishly, the Duke suggests. She liked whateer / She looked on (23-24). She was delighted by the beauty of the sunset, and the little tribute from the man who gave her the cherries, moreover as much as My favor at her breast (25). What he seems to be objecting to is her failure to be properly selective and aristocratic in her tastes.This is a rather extreme sort of snobbery, but perhaps not unprecedented we may not find it attractive, but we may accept it as a feature of a majestic man. In Brownings My Last Duchess, the murder is implied. It is not described in explicit terms as in Othello. In the lines, Paint/Must never hope to reproduce the faint /Half-flush that dies a farsighted her throat, the speaker adores the faint half-flush on his married womans face that no paint could re-add and at the said(prenominal) time leaves a slight hint that she had been throttled to death.The intelligent monologue is enough to make the point overt and covering fire at the same time. All the time, Browning is luring us up the garden path. We begin to detect the line. The Duke is immensely proud, a man of great heritage, while she is free of snobbery, charmed by the delights of the world and human kindness, and genuinely innocent. (Infidelity does not seem to be the Dukes concern presently) Then we begin to see how pathologically proud and arrogant he really is. Even had you skill / In speech (which I put on not) (35-36), (he lies, of course) to explain your objection to her behavior which is clearly quite dominion it would involve stooping, and I choose / Never to stoop (42-3). So, rather than speak to her about his dissatisfaction, which would involve impossible condescension by him, he chose to solve the problem rather more radically This grew I gave commands / Then all smiles stopped altogether (45-6). It takes a moment for us to register what he did, so unconvincing is it and so evasively phrased.She thanked men,good but thanked /Someh ow. I know not how . as if she ranked /My gift of a nine-hundred-years-old name /With anybodys gift,- the get part of the speech clearly brings forth the envy rankling in the speakers heart The unbending pride of the Duke comes out through the turns of phrases of this part of this long monologue, . and if she let/Herself be lessoned so, nor plainly set/Her wits to yours ,forsooth and made excuse,/-Een then would be some stooping and I choose/Never to stoop. The Duke can hardly chose to stoopto give in to the childish demeanors of his beautiful wife. Again, jealousy seems to be prevalent in the tone of these words .. Oh, Sir, she smiled no doubt, /Wheneer I passed her but who passed without /much the same smile? Then having confessed to murder, or, rather, boasted of it, he continues his negotiations for his next Duchess, celebrating, incidentally, one of his favorite art works, Neptune Taming a sea-horse (54-5), the very image of the brutal meet that he has himself exerted over h is innocent last Duchess.The willow scene from Othello works differently, of course, because it is a dialogue, though it is in the inner workings of Desdemonas mind that the dramatic form is revealed here, just as much as is the case in Brownings poem There is an almost intolerable pathos about this scene because Desdemona is so helpless. She has a good idea of what is going to happen If I do die before thee, prithee shroud me / In one of those same sheets (24-5) and is impotent in the face of her fate.There seems to be no defence against the ruthless execution of Othellos enraged will. She is in a sort of hitch a hypnosis of shock. All she can do is wait for the end, and the pathetic simplicity of her reflections here is the sign of a wounded spirit in retreat from reality. The tragic atmosphere is given additional poignancy by the occasional interruption of the everyday details of undressing for bed, the habitual continuing of everyday life because at that place is nothing else to do in the face of the worst Prithee unpin me (21).She continues to pretend that this is just an ordinary night This Lodovico is a proper man (35), not a comparison of Othello with her country forms, but a pathetic attempt at gossip. But her real thoughts emerge in the obsession with the willow song, which she cannot resist. It is the perfect reverberate of her own fortune And she died singing it that song tonight / Will not go from my mind (30-1). Like a detail from a psychoanalysts casebook comes the unprompted line in the song that gives away the deepest thoughts of the wailing victim. Let nobody blame him, his scorn I approve, Nay, thats not next. attend Whos that knocks? It is the wind. (51-3) She corrects herself, but the absolute terror of realisation goes through her. Compared with Desdemonas helplessness in the face of the corruption of Othello, Emilias jokes have an immensely remedial health. It is not a criticism of Desdemona, but it is a firm placing of trust in a human being by Shakespeare.In Shakespeares Othello, the Moor can hardly be blamed for his rash termination of murdering Desdemona, who had been black-painted by his honest Iago and it was Iago again who had sown the seeds of jealousy in his mind. Desdemona pleaded her innocence at last and asked to call for Cassius but Othello ran berserk maddened by sexual jealousy. Othello could hardly be blamed for his attitude, as he was a Moor and unfamiliar with(predicate) with the ways and manners of the Venetian culture. Naturally, he fell victim to Iagos insinuations and committed the murder of his beautiful wife, Desdemona, who was actually, innocence epitomized.In Act IV, sc ii, Othello in reply to Desdemonas pleading innocence disgustingly cried out, O Desdemona, away away away Desdemona, being totally unaware of the handkerchief she had lost act to reason with her husband, Am I the motive of these tears my Lord? It might have been possible that Othello could have turned deaf ears to Iagos vitriolic comments or aspersions cast on Desdemona, but as he was new to their society and culture, it became easy for Iago to set him against his wife, who was a paragon of beauty.By way of rejoinder, when Othello speaks out, Had it pleased heaven/To try me with affliction had they rained/All kinds of sores and shame on my bare head/Steeped me in poverty to the very lips/Given to captivity me and my utmost hopes/I should have found in some place of my soul/A drop of patience. and at last turns to the question of complexion, Turn thy complexion thee.. Ay in that location look as grim as hell , we find Othello a dejected, frustrated , lost soul feeling small for being a gruesome Moor who was alien to the Venetian cultureThe complex of Culture and Identity assails him, no doubt Othello decided to put an end to the life of his unfaithful wife at last and as he uttered the words in Act V, Sc ii, Yet, Ill not shed her blood /Nor scar that whiter discase of hers than snow/An d smooth as monumental alabaster/Yet she must die, else shell betray more men, Did he not sound the same as the Duke of My Last Duchess who had been driven mad by sexual jealousy? The murder could not be justified, but, Othello was quite a better lover and a more compassionate person than the Duke.He needed evidence to prove Desdemonas betrayal he had to fight immensely with his own conscience to come to the decision of murder. As a person, the Duke was cold-blooded, but Othello was emotional and irrational at he same time. If this had not been so, I will kill thee, / And love thee after. One more and this the last. /So sweet was neer so fatal. I must weep/ But they are cruel tears this sorrows celestial /IT STRIKES WHERE IT DOTH LOVE, could he utter such words?The Duke of My Last Duchess was never so overpowered with emotions to give a slight indication of goodness that is if he had any. In Act V, sc i, Othello is making his mind up to vent his rage upon Desdemona. Here he again f inds enough reason to slaughter Desdemona. On hearing the footsteps of Cassius, he blurt forth, Tis he-O brave Iago, honest and justminion your dear lies dead/and your unblest fate hies, strumpet I come Till Lines 31 of Act V Sc ii, we find Othello raving and railing on about the murder of Desdemona.Othello seemed to give a chance to Desdemona to prove her innocence by saying, If you bethink yourself of any crime/Unreconciled as yet heaven and grace /Solicit for it straight. But he meant the murder and perpetrated it In Act III, Sc iii, when Othello grows in a blind rage is provoked by honest Iagos words, he finds every reason to kill Unfaithful Desdemona and utters, Monstrous, monstrous On hearing Cassios dream-mutterings on his secret affair with Desdemona, Othello got green with jealousy and anger. He saw betrayal from the cruelest possible angle.He found it terribly monstrous to be interact like that. When Emilia came talking of Desdemonas profound love for her husband after she had been murdered, Othello lost his emotional balance and blurted, O cursed slave / vesicate me ye devils/From the possession of this heavenly sight/Blow me about in the winds, roast me in sulphur/Wash me in steep-down gulfs of liquid fireO Desdemona, Desdemona, unwarranted Act V, Scii Could we ever expect the Duke speaking in such touchy, sentimental terms after committing the murder? No, never

Generally Accepted Accounting Principles and Total Stockholders Equity

Week One Discussion Questions How would you describe the entries to record the disposition of accounts receivables? What is their function? How ar bad debts accounted for d declargon the stairs the direct write-off mode? What are the disadvantages of this method? Pendergrass Company hires an accounting intern who says that intangible assets should always be amortized over their legal lives. Is the intern reverse? Explain. What are the basic issues related to accounting for intangible assets? why would you select the percentage of sales method for calculating doubtful accounts instead of the percentage of receivables method? Is it appropriate to use a hybrid of the percentage of sales and the percentage of receivables methods of calculating the chuck up the spongeance for doubtful accounts? Do the generally accepted accounting principles allow for using both methods at the same time? Why? What is the difference between tax expenditures and capital expenditures during a use ful life? Are on that point similarities? DQ What are the differences between revenue expenditures and capital expenditures? Explain the entries of each. Week Two Discussion Questions What are the differences among valuation, depreciation, amortization, and depletion? Is it appropriate to calculate depreciation using two diametrical methods? Why? Which depreciation method provides you with the highest depreciation expense in the first year? Why? What types of industries have unearned revenue? Why is unearned revenue considered a liability? When is the unearned revenue recognized in the pecuniary statements? Why do companies issue bonds? Would you rather buy a bond at a discount or a premium rate? Why?What is the determining factor of whether a bond is sold at a discount, grimace value, or premium? What is the straight-line method of amortizing discount and premium on bonds payable? Provide an explanation of the process. How would you describe the accounting procedures for nones payable and accounts payable? Week threesome Discussion Questions Why does a company choose to form as a deal? What are the steps required to become a corporation? What are the advantages and disadvantages of the corporate form of doing business? Why is preferred computer memory referred to as preferred?What are some of the features added to preferred stock that make it more than attractive to investors? Would you select preferred stock or common stock as an investment? Why? What are the different types of dividends corporations may issue? When should a corporation pay dividends? Do you prefer a stock dividend or a cash dividend? Why? Why do corporations buy back their own stock? What does it tell you close to the corporation? What effect does the purchase have on the price of a companys stock? Chen, Inc. purchases 1,000 shares of its own previously issued $5 per common stock for $12,000.Assuming the shares are held in the treasury, what effect does this transactio n have on (a) net income, (b) total assets, (c) total salaried-in capital, and (d) total stockholders equity? Chen, Incs treasure stock is resold for $15,000. What effect does this transaction have on (a) net income, (b) total assets, (c) total paid-in capital, and (d) total stockholders equity? Week Four Discussion Questions Why are companies required to prepare a statement of cash flows? Why is the statement of cash flows divided into three sections? What does each section tell you about a companys operations? What are some common ratios used to analyze financial information? Which are the most important? What are some exercisings of how ratios are used in the decision-making process? Two popular methods of financial statement analysis are horizontal analysis and vertical analysis. What are the differences between these two methods? What are the differences between the direct and indirect presentation of cash flows? Why does the Financial Accounting Standards Board allow both methods? Which do you prefer? Why? Why must preferred stock dividends be subtracted from net income in computing earnings per share?Why is common stock usually not issued at a price that is less than par value? What three conditions must exist before a cash dividend is paid? Contrast the effects of a cash dividend and a stock dividend on a corporations balance sheet. Week Five Discussion Questions What is an example of a potentially unethical accounting situation? Why is the situation unethical? How do ethics affect a companys financial results? Do you think the Sarbanes-Oxley Act has made a difference in the ethical behavior of companies regarding their financial accounting? Why or why not?

Explain the Rationale for the Existence of Supplier Induced Demand in Health Care

EXPLAIN THE RATIONALE FOR THE EXISTENCE OF SUPPLIER INDUCED DEMAND IN HEALTH CARE AND EXPLORE THE EXTENT TO WHICH EMPIRICAL employment HAS BEEN ABLE TO ESTABLISH ITS EXISTENCE Introduction In the traditional market, consumers decide how much to consume and suppliers decide how much to fork out and prices coordinate the decisions. For perfect arguing it is assumed inter alia that there is perfect reading so that individuals atomic number 18 fully informed about prices, qualities etc a lot of emptors and sellers no single buyer or seller that has influence on the price.But wellness handle market falls short of the perfect market figure of speech as it is give chase by many phenomena that cause it to fail (Arrow 1963). One such phenomenon is supplier- generate demand (SID), whereby wellness cargon providers, usually medicos, exploit their information advantage oer uncomplainings in order to induce perseverings to utilize more wellness vex services than they would if they wer e accurately informed. The phenomenon of SID tends to take an important place within social debates because it has an impact on health care expenditures, health circumstance and the allocation of income between longanimouss and physicians (Labelle et al 1994).Therefore, it has attracted considerable attention in the health economics literature since Roemer (1961), who observed a imperative correlation between the number of hospital beds available and their use leading to the observation, a bed built is a bed filled, some successions referred to as Roemers Law. Although a variety of empirical tests of SID have been reported in literature, researchers disagree on the definition of and tests for SID. The validity of the results from the tests is contr everyplacesial.Therefore there is no consensus on the increment and implementation of public insurance policy based on these results (Labelle et al 1994, p349). Indeed, Doessel (1995, p. 58) observed that this area of research can b e described as a theoretical and empirical quagmire. After defining the terms, this es maintain is going to explore and explain the theoretical rationale, the empirical demo and policy deductions for the existence of SID. The argument impart be summed up in the conclusion. wellness Care Market and SIDA market is a shorthand expression for the process by which households decisions about phthisis of alternative goods, firms decisions about what and how to produce, and workers decisions about how much and for whom to work are all reconciled by adjustment of prices. health care comprises services of health care professionals, which are addressed at health promotion, prevention of illnesses and injury, monitoring of health, maintenance of health, and treatment of disease, disorders, and injuries in order to obtain cure or, failing that, optimum easiness and function (quality of life) (Worldbank website).In health care market there is a few buyers and sellers asymmetry of information therefore violation of consumer sovereignty allocation of imaginativenesss by physicians and not price mechanism etc. Therefore patients face a dilemma in translating their desire for good health into a demand for medical checkup exam examination care. This requires both information and medical knowledge, which they usually do not have. There is no unequivocal and widely accepted definition of SID. In literature, the definitions range from peremptory and value free (Fuchs 1978) to normative with negative connotations (Folland et al 2001, p. 04). McGuire (2000, p504) says that SID exists when the physician influences a patients demand for care against the physicians interpretation of the better(p) interest of the patient. Labelle et al (1994, p. 363) point out the need to incorporate in the definition of SID both the effectiveness of the agency kin and the effectiveness of the induced services. This means that inducement can give rise to good or bad outcomes for patients dep ending on its clinical effectiveness, e. g. f a make persuades a patient to undertake more treatment where the patient would otherwise have opted for a less than clinically effective package of care. Rationale for the existence of SID The theoretical depth psychology of SID is based upon the assumption that mends maximise their utility subject to income and inducement. Dranove (1988, p 281) argues that under certain conditions the physician will have an incentive to recommend treatments whose costs outbalance their medical benefits. SID involves a shift of the demand curve, such that as supply ncreases, demand overly increases (Fig. 1). In practice the exact demand curves themselves cannot be measured. barely the equilibrium points (A, B, C and D) of the overall market can be observed. If the supply of doctors increases from Q1 to Q2 (Fig. 1a), then the fee payable decreases from P1 to P2. But if SID exists (Fig. 1b), as the number of doctors increases from Q1 to Q2 the doctor would go along shifting the demand curve from D through to D3 in order to maintain or increase income. Fig. 1 Graphical representation of competing hypothesesThe potence for SID to acquire is shaped but not guaranteed by a number of characteristics of the health care market including information gaps and asymmetries which encourage patients to seek medical advice and delegate decision-making to doctors say-so weaknesses in the agency relationship and the impact of clinical doubtfulness on the decision making processes of doctors. Systems for financing, organising and paying for medical services also influence doctor and patient behaviour.The asymmetry of information between user and provider is the most fundamental peculiarity of health care, and the source of the most serious failures of market processes during resource allocation. Informational asymmetries may also invalidate the assumption of consumer sovereignty which underlies evaluative policy assessment in much of econom ics. Patients will often be relatively sick informed compared with their doctor about their condition, treatment options, expected outcomes and deally costs. Unlike other professional services, information asymmetry is most pronounced in health care markets.Many researchers have tested the hypothesis that more knowledgeable patients should be resistant to SID and that they should therefore make less use of medical care. amazingly these studies have consistently build that knowledgeable patients frequently use more care Bunker and Brown (1974) Hay and Leahy (1982) and Kenkel (1990). The institutional responses to information asymmetry are professionalisation, self-regulation, and the development of an agency relation between individual transactors and between the professions and society collectively.Agency relationship is formed whenever a principal (patient) delegates decision-making authority to another party, the broker (doctor). Ill-informed consumers are protected, by provid er advice, from consumption of unnecessary or harmful services (inappropriate or poor quality) and also from failure to consume needed services. If this agency relationship were perfect, doctor would take on entirely the patients point of watch out and act as if he/she were the patient. All consumption choices made for the patient by the provider would be made so as to maximize the patients (and ultimately societys) utility function. health care providers do not always act as perfect agents for their patients. Their recommendations are sometimes influenced by self-interest, or the interest of the organization for which they work. This feeble agency arises because the doctor (agent) performs a dual role the same person who provides advice about a treatment usually provides and receives payment for that treatment. Hence, demand is no longer independent of supply the agent can shift the demand curve to any position (Fig. 1b).The demand curve (Figure 1a), assumes that independent con sumers of care are not directly influenced by suppliers in their decisions to use care, or alternatively that if such direct influence exists, its level is determined external to the market process itself. On the other hand, it has been shown that in arouse of the presumed physician influence over the patient, the physician cannot predict the level of patient compliance (Goldberg et al 1998). Therefore it is doubtful how much influence the physician wields over the patient when it comes to SID.Traditionally doctors behaviour is trainled by a professional code- Hippocratic oath. Financial self-interest on the part of the physicians is only one of the causes of imperfect agency. Another very important cause is the failure of physicians to understand or accept patients preferences regarding the impact of health status on utility and provide this information to the patient (Labelle et al 1994). The target income theory posits that as the number of physicians has change magnitude, the y have induced additional demand to get a particular income, e. g. y increase the volume and variety of tests and procedures. This is in contrast with conventional economics where increasing supply lowers the price for the consumer. The target income is determined by the local income distribution (Rizzo and Blumenthal, 1996). A professional service like Health care is inherently heterogeneous and nonretradable. A monopolistic competitor selling a nonretradable service sets a beat to maximize profit and unless there is some cost to inducement, a physician or dental practitioner pursuing net income would induce demand to an non-finite extent (Gaynor 1994).However, physicians prefer not to induce demand and only do so if they are compensated by adequate gains in income. The utility maximisation of physicians is limited by disutility of discretion, i. e. either the physicians internal conscience (Evans 1974 Mcguire and Pauly 1991) or as a result of a reputation process by which doctor s who excessively induce demand are punished through future reductions in true patient demand (Dranove 1988). SID can arise when clinical unbelief causes provision of unnecessary or wasteful medical services even if doctors act in the perceived interests of their patients.If a doctor inadvertently underestimates a patients ability to pay for the cost of medical procedures, the level of care recommended might exceed that which the patient would have nominated. However, some analysts maintain that doctors responses to clinical uncertainty can give rise to SID fully consistent with the patients interests rather than self-interest (Richardson and Peacock 1999, p. 9) e. g. use of diagnostics in excess of beat levels in the event of diagnostic uncertainty. Institutional and regulatory arrangements influence how medical markets work.They create incentives or disincentives for doctors (and patients) to behave in ways that could engender SID. For instance, the cost-bearing and financing a spects of the doctors service are largely borne by third parties (i. e. regimes and private insurers). As a consequence, typically neither the consumer nor the provider carefully considers the price or cost of the service supplied. This can influence the extent and form of SID. Other arrangements that can promote SID include the system of payment for doctors (i. e. ee-for-service, capitation or salaried) the effect of medical indemnity arrangements on the adoption of defensive medical practices by doctors and the form of monitoring of doctor treatment practices. The link between physicians and pharmaceutical companies can also promote SID. Big pharmaceutical companies approach physicians and ask them to prescribe specific medicines to patients in exchange for a reward, such as free holidays. For example, in 2002 drug firms spent nearly $9. 4 billion on marketing to American doctors (The Economist 15th Feb. 2003). As a result, physicians are illing to prescribe extra medicines that are unnecessary and provide no benefit to the patient. Moreover, these drugs favoured by the physicians and produced by big companies might be more expensive than others with equivalent effectiveness However, one study criticism of the SID model is that it focuses on only one price the nominal fee levelwhile ignoring access costs. If increased supply reduces travel time and office waits, the total cost of care has fallen even if fees remain constant. Secondly, the SID theory carries an implicit assumption that the extra services are unnecessary.An alternative view is that few situations in medicine are clear-cut and a broad range of indications is consistent with globally acceptable practice. Empirical evidence of SID Several corroborative hypotheses and empirical tests have been carried out but ascribable to the lack of a rigorous theoretical model and the presence of econometric and measurement problems, results concerning the existence of SID tranquil remain controversial a nd inconclusive. SID is not easy to measure and interpret because of the difficulty of separating out induced from un-induced demand, supply changes from demand changes and SID from other factors influencing demand (e. . income, insurance coverage, health status). However, there is clear evidence that physicians who are paid on fee-for-service infrastructure can adjust the number of services in response to limitations on the levels of fees (Rice, 1983), but such responses are not automatic and health economists dont have a good understanding of what contextual factors are important in predicting such responses. Nevertheless, the potential for such responses means that inducement is an important factor to consider in policy development. To test for SID early studies looked at changes in utilisation compared to increases in physician/population ratio.The hypothesis underlying the tests is that, in response to an increase in the doctor/population ratio (i. e. competition), doctors wil l seek to induce demand or raise their fees so as to maintain their incomes. Cromwell and Mitchell (1986) demonstrated a significant demand inducement for surgical procedures with overall rates of surgery increase by about 0. 08% for each 1% increase in surgeon supply. Rices (1984) appoint that 10% decline in physician reimbursement led to a 6. 1% increase in intensity of medical services and a 2. 7% increase in intensity in surgical services.However, a kindred study found mixed responses to fee changes across procedures (Labelle et al 1990). Another technique used for testing SID is to examine the effect of changes in doctor supply on doctor compared with patient initiated visits. Assumption here is that if SID exists, increases in doctor numbers would lead to an increase in doctor-initiated visits (that is, an income maintenance response test). Tussing and Wojtowycz (1986), using this technique, found that areas with more GPs were associated with much larger proportion of return visits arranged by doctor, i. e. a strong relationship to support SID.On the other hand, doing a equal experiment, Rossiter and Wilensky (1983) found only very small inducement effect. This approach to investigating the presence of SID effects (increasing physicians and increasing utilisation) fell somewhat out of favour when Dranove and Wehner (1994) found that, according to the standard methodology among SID theorists, an increase in the number of physicians resulted in an increase in childbirths. Recent studies have looked at physician behaviour in response to fee reduction, e. g. Yip (1998) found that physicians compensate for income losses due to public price reduction by increasing volume.Medicare fee cuts lead to increased amounts of heart surgery enabling physicians to recoup 70% of lost revenue enhancement. Gruber and Owings (1996) found that a 13% reduction in fertility rate in the US in 1970-1982 led to an increase in caesarean sections and reduction in the less profit able vaginal births. Between 1971-1981, the number of GPs per capita in Winnipeg, Canada increased by 56%. Remarkably, however, real gross income per physician remained virtually unchanged during the period. GPs simply increased the number of contacts with existing patients so much so that their average revenue actually increased (Roch et al 1985).On the other hand, in Norway, Grytten and Sorensen (2001) compared a salaried group of physicians with another one that was compensated by fee for service. neither of the two groups of physicians increased their output as a response to an increase in physician constriction. In UK, dentists are paid on a laid fee-for-service basis. Supplier income can only be increased by increasing utilisation. Therefore, testing for the existence of SID in dentistry has involved looking for a supreme correlation between dentist density and utilisation of dental care.Birch (1988) concluded that a positive correlation between the number of dentists per capita and the treatment study per visit provides sufficient (but not necessary) evidence for the existence of SID, in a fee-regulated market environment. Other researchers Manning and Phelps (1979) Grytten et al (1990)found similar correlations. Sintonen and Maljanen (1995) found that individual and general inducement appeared to have considerable effect on utilisation, but no systematic connection with supply conditions (dentist/population ratio).This was interpreted to indicate that some dentists, careless(predicate) of the market situation, have adopted individual inducement. However, there are alternative explanations for a positive correlation between dentist density and the utilisation of medical services permanent access demand on the market for medical services due to price regulation demand decisions by rational patients (the opening night of new practices, particularly in rural areas, reduces the average time and transport costs, and the average time spent in the waiti ng room also falls) change causality where physicians set up shop in high demand regions (Zweifel 1981 p216).Policy Implications of SID SID is of great importance to the policy maker because it threatens the basic market paradigm and severely undermines economic recommendations about market policy. There are differing interpretations of policy significance of SID. According to Carlsen and Grytten (2000), policy makers can compute the socially optimal density of physicians without knowledge of SID. Yet most analysts look at SID from the perspective of manpower and reimbursement policy for purposes of cost containment. They do not consider its contribution to the health status of patients.The impact of SID on equity, distributional issues and the net social benefits is usually ignored (Labelle et al 1994). The issue of SID raises another major controversy of whether adequate control over resource allocation to and within healthcare is best achieved through the demand side or through regulatory controls on the supply side (Reinhardt 1989, p. 339). Indeed, due to problems with moral hazard and SID, insurers use demand-side incentives (e. g. co-insurance and deductibles), as well as supply-side incentives aimed at providers (e. g. aying physicians through salary or capitation). An example of policy implications of SID to manpower planning is when a government wishes to attract physicians to rural areas, and it does so by paying rural doctors more than those in urban areas. This could precipitate SID within urban practices, hence nullifying the governments intention. Direct regulation of the supply of physiciansby mandating that all new graduates spend a certain number of years in rural communities, for example might have some advantages, although this may well affect the number and quality of medical students.For facility planning purposes, Roemers Law has the fundamental implication that there is no external demand standard, based on observed utilisation, from wh ich needed levels can be inferred. Providers will themselves determine use on the basis of available capacity inter alia. SID means increased demand by patients, which raises costs of care. If it exists, then the policy maker may wish to provide for control of supplier behaviour by mandating evidence-based medicine cost-effectiveness evaluation of new interventions, medical audits etc, all of which encroach on clinical freedom.Use of provider payment mechanisms like salaries for doctors, global budgets, and case payments could help. However, Ferguson (2002) argues that overall, demand curve for medical care slopes downward, and that supplier-induced demand is overrated as a policy concern. Conclusion This essay has explained the rationale for the existence of SID and has explored its policy implications and empirical evidence of its existence. There is arguably sufficient evidence to accept that SID can occur. Even Hippocrates himself realised that as in all things mercenary (in hea lth care it is fee-for-service) there is no such thing as pure altruism.Indeed, the Hippocratic oath is an admission to the potential for pecuniary self-interest and abuse of sacral trust. Imperfect agency and clinical uncertainty are the main causes of SID. If SID is pervasive, there could be a variety of economy-wide impacts, e. g. it could increase health expenditure without a qualified improvement in health outcomes. Therefore, it has important implications for the health policy process. Strong support for SID hypothesis was found in the UK dentistry. Otherwise, there is no robust evidence on the likely magnitude of SID.Although inconclusive, most studies suggest that where SID arises, it is small both in absolute terms and relative to other influences. However, it is still worth considering SID-attenuating arrangements say in the case of physician reimbursement policy. As there are a number of fundamental and seemingly irresolvable methodological and data problems associated with trying to assess SID, definitive evidence of its existence most likely will remain illusive. References 1. Arrow, K. J. (1963). Uncertainty and the Welfare stintings of Medical Care.American Economic Review 53 941-973. 2. Birch, S. (1988). The acknowledgement of supplier-inducement in a fixed price system of health care provision The case of dentistry in the United Kingdom. journal of Health Economics. 7129150. 3. Bunker, J. P. and Brown, B. W. (1974). The physician patient as an informed consumer of surgical services. New England Journal of Medicine 290 1051-1055 4. Carlsen, F. and Grytten, J. (2000). Consumer satisfaction and supplier induced demand. Journal of Health Economics 19731-753 5. Cromwell, J. and Mitchell J. (1986).Physician-Induced Demand for Surgery. Journal of Health Economics 5 293-313. 6. Doessel, D. P. (1995). Commentary. In Harris, A. (ed), Economics and Health 1994, Proceedings of the Sixteenth Australian Conference of Health Economists, School of Health s ervice Management, University of New South Wales, NSW. 7. Dranove, D. (1988). Demand inducement and the physician/patient relationship. Economic Inquiry 26281-298 8. Dranove, D. and P. Wehner (1994) Physician-induced demand for childbirths Journal of Health Economics 1361-73 9. Evans, R. G. (1974).Supplier induced demand some empirical evidence & implications. In Perlman, M. (ed). The economics of health & medical care. London Macmillan 10. Ferguson, B. S. (2002). Issues in the demand for medical care can consumers and doctors be trusted to make the right choices? AIMS Health Care Reform Background Paper 5. Halifax AIMS http//www. aims. ca/Publications/Demand/demand. pdf (accessed 26th April 2004). 11. Folland, S. , Goodman, A. and Stano, M. (2001). The Economics of Health and Health Care. 3rd ed, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. Prentice Hall 12. Fuchs, V. (1978).The supply of surgeons and the demand for operations. Journal of Human Resources, 13(supplement) 3556. 13. Gaynor, M. (19 94). Issues in the Industrial placement of the Market for Physician Services. The Journal of Economics and Management Strategy 3(1) 211-255. 14. Goldberg, A. I. Cohen, G. and Rubin, A-H E. (1998). Physician Assessments of Patient Compliance with Medical Treatment. brotherly Science and Medicine 47(11) 1873-6) 15. Gruber, J. and Owings, M. (1996). Physician pecuniary incentives and caesarean section delivery, RAND Journal of Economics 27(1) 99-123. 6. Grytten, J. and Sorensen, R. (2001). Type of contract and supplier-induced demand for primary physicians in Norway. Journal of Health Economics 20 379-393. 17. Grytten, J. , Holst, D. and Laakf, P. (1990). Supplier motivator Its transaction on Dental Services in Norway Journal of Health Economics 9 483-491 18. Hay, J. and Leahy, M. (1982) Physician-induced demand An empirical analysis of the consumer information gap. Journal of Health Economics 1 231-244. 19. Kenkel, D. (1990) Consumer health information and the demand for medical care.Review of Economics and Statistics 52 587-595 20. Labelle, R. , Hurley, J. and Rice, T. (1990). Financial Incentives and Medical Practice Evidence from Ontario on the Effect of Changes in Physician Fees on Medical Care Utilisation, Working Paper 90-4 Centre for Health Economics and Policy Analysis, MacMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario 21. Labelle, R. , Stoddart, G. and Rice, T. (1994), A Re-examination of the Meaning and Importance of Supplier-Induced Demand. Journal of Health Economics 13(3) 347-368. 22. Manning, W. G. , Jr. and Phelps, C. E. (1979). The demand for dental care.Bell Journal of Economics 10(2) 503525. 23. McGuire, T. (2000 chapter 9). Physician agency. In Culyer, A. J. and Newhouse, J. P. (eds). Handbook of Health Economics, 1A, Elsevier North Holland. 24. McGuire, T. G. , and Pauly, M. V. (1991). Physician repartee to Fee Changes with Multiple Payers. Journal of Health Economics 10 385-410. 25. Reinhardt, U. (1989). Economists in health care saviours, or el ephants in a porcelain shop? American Economic Review 79 337-342. 26. Rice, T. (1983). The Impact of Changing Medicare Reimbursement Rates on Physician-induced Demand.Medical Care. 21(8) 803-815. 27. Rice, T. (1984). Physician-induced demand New evidence from the Medicare program. Advances in Health Economics and Health Services Research 6129-160 28. Richardson, J. and Peacock, S. (1999). Supplier-induced demand reconsidered. Working Paper 81, CHPE, Monash University. http//chpe. buseco. monash. edu. au/pubs/wp81. pdf (accessed 27th April 2004). 29. Rizzo, J. A. and Blumenthal, D. A. (1996). Is the Target-Income Hypothesis an Economic Heresy? Medical Care Research and Review 53(3) 243266. 30. Roch, D. Evans, R. G. and Pascoe, D. (1985). Manitoba and Medicare 1971 to Present. Winnipeg, Manitoba Manitoba Health. 31. Roemer, M. I. (1961). furrow supply and hospital utilisation A national experiment, Hospitals. Journal of American Health Affairs 35988993 32. Rossiter, L. and Wilensky, G. , (1983). The Relative Importance of Physician-Induced Demand for Medical Care. Milbank remembrance Fund Quarterly 61(2) 252-277. 33. Sintonen, H. and Maljanen, T. (1995). Explaining the Utilisation of Dental Care Experiences from the Finnish Dental Market.Health Economics 4(6) 453-466. 34. Tussing, A. D. and Wojtowycz, M. (1986). Physician-induced Demand by Irish General Practitioners. Economic and Social Review 14(3) 225-247 35. Worldbank website http//www1. worldbank. org/hnp/hsd/HEGlossary. asp (accessed 27th April 2004). 36. Yip, W. (1998). Physician Responses to Medical Fee Reductions Changes in the Volume and Intensity of Supply of Coronary, Artery Bypass Graft (CABG) Surgeries in the Medicare and hole-and-corner(a) Sectors, Journal of Health Economics 17(6) 675-699 37.Zweifel, P. (1981 p245-267). Supplier Induced Demand in a Model of Physician Behaviour. In van der Gaag, J. and Perlman, M. (eds), Health, Economics and Health Economics. capital of The Netherlands North-H olland P- fees for ServiceQ- supply of doctors S- supply curve of servicesD- demand curve for services P2 P1 Q1 Q2 D C A S1 S P3 P1 P2 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 D D2 D1 D3 S1 S B (a) No SID(b) With SID D

John Locke: Property Rights Essay

Perhaps wizard of, if non the, most historic bothy influential political thinkers of the western world was John Locke. John Locke, the homophile who initiated what is now kn induce as British Empiricism, is also considered highly influential in establishing grounds, theoretically at least, for the constitution of the United States of America. The basis for understanding Locke is that he sees all plurality as having natural graven image habituated rights. As Gods beings, this denotes a certain equality, at least in an rook sense.This religious back drop acts as a the foundation for all of Lockes theories, including his theories of individuality, private position, and the state. The lecturer will be shown how and why people have a natural right to property and the jar this has on the main(a), as well as the extent of this impact. Locke was a micro based ideologist. He believed that universe were autonomous individuals who, although lived in a accessible setting, could not be articulated as a drove or affable animal.Locke believed person to stand for, a thinking, intelligent being, that has reason and reflection, and disregard consider itself as itself, the same thinking thing in different clips and places, which it only does by that consciousness which is inherent from thinking. This efficiency to reflect, think, and reason intelligibly is one of the whiley gifts from God and is that gift which separates us from the realm of the beast. The ability to reason and reflect, although universal, acts as an explanation for individuality. All reason and reflection is based on personal stimulate and reference.Personal experience must be completely individual as no one merchantman experience anything quite the same as another. This leads to determining why Locke theorized that all humans, speaking patriarchially with respect to the time why all men, have a natural right to property. Every man is a conception of Gods, and as such is endowed with cert ain individual abilities and characteristics as gifts from God. Not being adapted to know Gods exact wishes for man, Locke believed that all men have an obligation to organize and embrace these gifts.In essence, individually man was in charge of his own physical structure and what was done with his body. Of course, for Locke, each man would do the reasonable thing and develop his natural skills and potentials to the best of his abilities, in the service of God. The belief in God given abilities and the obligations that follow are not totally deterministic. composition, endowed with reason, could choose not to develop these abilities. Having the ability to choose the development of his potential, each man is accountable for that potential and consequently is responsible for his own body.The development, or lack at that placein, is a consequence of individual motivation and is manifested through motor. In keeping with the surmise of ones body is ones own, a mans property can be explained in terms of the quantifying forces of his labor movements. Physical labor or exercisation of his mind, to produce fruits for this persons labor, is then(prenominal) his own property. Locke believed that one did not need the consent of a sovereign, as far as property was concerned, beca ingestion it is the melding of labor and nature that makes anything owned.Yolton articulates this when he states, (b)y mixing my work, my energy with some object, (nature), I particulise that object, its commonness becomes extra Locke believed that as long as there was plenty for others, consent was bitless, irrelevant and would merely be an passionate exercision of military unit. Pointless because as long as there was more for others in the common store, one was not infringing on anothers natural rights. Irrelevant because property production or the use of labor was completely individualistic and one should not be able to control anothers labor as it is an infringement on their na tural rights.There are however limits, as far as property and labor are concerned. One limit is that of non destruction. God did not create anything for man to destroy. The heart produced by any man should be kept in check by his level of destruction. For example, there is a big difference between the cutting of one or a few trees and the reaping of an entire forest. Yolton explicates this by stating that, specific rights comes in conjunction with this restriction. Since ? Nothing was made by God for Man to spoil or destroy, the property do function of mans activities ought to be curbed at the point of spoilage.If my acquisition spoils, I offend against the law of nature, since I have, in the beginning, ? no Right, further than my use. What is useful and is apply has value and the person who uses them a right to them. The same rules are cited for land as for the produce of land. The making of currency as an unspoilable property and medium for exchange seems to have by-passed t his limit all together. Inequality becomes uncontrolled and as such an chest of drawers is needed to protect a mans property and the social peace.With the advent of money as unspoilable property, certain inequalities amongst men would develop. Those with less start to feel cheated and use. This is very severe for those with more, because with these inequalities, comes the danger of theft, or injury to property or body. It is for this reason that people enter into a social contract and appoint a soveriegn. The sovereign has the ability to protect those whose property is in danger, and will do so through the passing and enforcing of laws. In this way not only is a mans property protected, but a state of peace is maintained as well.Locke not only believed in one individuals right to property, but all individuals right to property. Since every person is a creation of Gods, and it must be Gods wish that we aid him through the abilities that hes given us, to interfere with a man and his labor, or the consequence of his labor, that is, his property, would be to interfere with Gods wishes. It is here that we begin to see the limits of men as well as the limits of the soveriegn. After all, how anyone interfere with the wishes of God?Locke believed that the power for social control must come from the sovereign. This sovereign is responsible to the will of the people, but has a protective dictum, governing both over land and people. Locke believed that if a body of people, that is a participation of people, chose to live and interrelate amongst each other, they must choose to live by a greater force, that is they must enter into a social contract. This force was the power of the majority manifested through the creation of a sovereign. Problems can arise, when individuals cannot agree.For this reason there must be a ruler and government to square off disagreements, make and enforce laws, and govern man. The enforcement of rules is not as absolute as it may sound. Even with the cosmos of a limited monarchy, man obligates his individual and God given rights. As such, the sovereign, had no right to compass or take away the property of another. If he did so he would be going against, God, the people, and all that is natural. The extent of the services of the existing sovereign is to govern over, protect, and enforce the laws of the people.Locke believed that the role of the sovereign and his authority is in serving the people and that there must not be parental, that is absolute authority. Yolton explains this like so, If royal authority is derived from parental authority there would be as many kings as fathers from parental power it needs follows either that that all fathers have royal authority in which case a contradiction arises no one has royal authority. In this way Locke is seen as a man who wants to limit the power of the sovereign over the individual.Locke believed that the sovereign, created out of the need for the protection o f individual rights, that is, out of the need for protection of the silence of property, could not manifest itself publicly through excessive social control. Perhaps Lockes idea is better explained this way. From privacy of possession, publicity of sovereignty does not follow no Man could ever have a undecomposed Power over the life of another, by Right of property in Land or possessions This, of course, would entangle the man of sovereignty and the men of government.Property sets the limit of sovereignty, in that no man has just power over another or anothers property. This right comes directly from God, because it is a God given right that a man should gain property through labor. This also sets the tone of the role of government, that of servitude instead of command. Locke believed that civil society existed to free individuals from the insecurity of the state of nature. He thought that men united voluntarily in a concerted effort of preserving and protecting life, liberty, a nd estate. Here again we see the importance of property. authorities within limits can work beneficially for all of man kind. This means that a sovereign would be necessary for the preservation of lives, the promotion of exemption, and the protection of estate. Locke is quite adamant about the preservation of individual freedom which Aaron describes as need(ing) to be jealously preserved. This right to the property produced through labor is an inalienable right that each and every individual has. Even the soveriegn has no right to interfere with or take away a mans property. This is the true limit of any man or governing body. Locke favored a limited monarchy.This is an elected legislative assembly and a monarch that have the power to direct the tribe to preserve the community and its members and their rights. Locke believed that people were the absolute sovereign, and that if the appointed sovereign abused his authority the people would have the right to dissolve the government. This right of the people reinforces the terminal points of the sovereign, while enforcing the accountability of the sovereign. It is in this sense that the community or the aggregation of individuality, retains power over the sovereign and in essence limits its power.This is the extent of the limitation of authority of the sovereign. The sovereign is a servant of the people, that has limited power only as long as the majority allows it to have power. It was Lockes intent that the state was made for the individual and that the sovereign be used as a protective instrument for the good of the individual. Lockes ideas of property are based on God given rights. Each person has been given a body, with certain abilities and potentials, to use by God. The use of this body is called labor and its product is called property.Since everyone has a body and a level of potential everyone is capable of producing property. The social occasion of the sovereign is to protect the individuals right to property and their property. The sovereign is limited in its power and authority and does not have the right to take or interfere with any mans property, since to do so would be an interference with the rights of man as given by God. It was Lockes hope that with such an ideology behind a people and their government that they might attain and retain Lockes version of the good life, that is life, liberty, and most importantly estate. BibliographyAaron, Richard, John Locke, Oxford University wring, Toronto, 1963. Bowie, James, Twenty Questions An Introduction to Philosophy, MacMillan Publishing, New York, 1964. Locke, John, An show Concerning Human Understanding, Oxford University Press, London, 1975. Magill, Frank, Masterpieces of World Philosophy, Harper and Row, New York, 1961. OConnor, D. J. , John Locke, Pelican Books, London, 1952. Squadrito, Kathleen, Lockes Theory of Sensitive Knowledge, University Press of America, Washington, 1978. Yolton, J. W. , Locke and the Compass of Human Understanding, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1970.