Caryl Phillips Cambridge

In Caryl Phillips Cambridge, Phillips begins by introducing Emily, a young upper-class white woman, who is sent to the West Indies for three months to inspect her father's sugar plantation. By constructing the novel into several distinctive voices, he exposes to his readers multiple points of view surrounding the novel's fictional world. The first section of the novel is in the form of a journal, narrated by Emily herself, and gives readers a sense of Emily's identity through her depictions of her surroundings. Phillips takes a gendered narrative approach to explore eurocentric influence in the depictions of black womanhood during the African Diaspora and how it has affected the conceptualization of race in the past and present. Emily often finds the need to express her disgust of the appearances of black women. Setting forth towards her father's estate, Emily is accompanied by a white gentleman, a negro driver, and a negro woman. Observing the woman, Emily states, â€Å"Her toothless gums were visible through her thick and open lips, and her church hat failed to mask her sad, unfeminine baldness† (21). Emily justifies her revulsion of the woman's appearance based on her skewed perception of femininity. Because she does not meet eurocentric beauty ideals, her appearance is not seen on her own terms but rather criticized by someone who does not share her culture nor values. Emily uses the terms â€Å"toothless† and â€Å"bald† to highlight the black woman's unappealing features and therefore, she reinforces the idea that Black women are less feminine than other women. Such depictions take an immeasurable toll on Black women, who have to constantly challenge the notion that they are less feminine, that their blackness is something curious, or difficult to handle to white standards. Despite the fact that what is considered to be â€Å"feminine† and â€Å"beautiful† is constantly changing, it does so in a way that continues to revolve around a Eurocentric standards. Emily's faulty depictions preserve the idea that white people are superior in many ways to black people, and therefore, they have the right to assert their dominance over other races. In the past, science was used to justify â€Å"white supremacy,† where attributes of European culture were used to create a rationale for European authority. European slave traders used â€Å"scientific racism† to justify their preconceived notions that Blacks were not people but property, therefore they lacked basic fundamental rights. Upon arriving at the luncheon, Emily sets eyes on Christiana; unhappy with her presence, she orders the â€Å"coal-black, ape-woman† to leave. Emily suggests that Christiana's features and mannerisms are similar to those of an ape and that her race is not only inferior but scientifically less evolved. This passage goes above and beyond; it showcases how whites distanced race from the core values of both feminism and humanism, proving that both were based on the systematic ideology of slaveholders and their allies. Phillips shows readers that the idea that all human beings are born with basic human rights was not prevalent to Blacks during this period. European slave traders used their preconceived notions to justify that Africans served no other purpose but to work as slaves. This was a view of humanity that made life grueling for Black slaves in the Americas. Equating animals to blacks was a malicious and effective instrument of dehumanisation, which historically manifested a powerful weapon that Europeans used to justify the institution of slavery. Black physical features, especially black women's bodies and hair, have been devalued for centuries. The idea that blackness exists outside the realm of beauty was imposed by whites who constructed a hierarchy that privileged those with lighter skin, and straighter hair where Blacks could not meat this ideal of femininity. Emily, stopping to observe the black men and women washing clothes with their bare hands, can't help but comment on the appearance of the women. â€Å"The appearance of the females was truly disgusting to me†¦one woman, her hair matted with filth, and, I imagine, her flesh host to countless forms of infestation, stood in a condition of total nudity in the centre of the stream..† The standards of white beauty created a barrier for Black women to attain it because it did not apply to most Black women thus, American femininity has existed behind the image of a white women. When Emily inadequately associates â€Å"natural hair† with the her own terms, she sets standards for physical characteristics that represent her race, failing to include anyone that doesn't meet her skewed notions what constitutes a feminine woman. As a result, for years, Black women have taken part in many practices that attempt to mask their physical features in accordance with socially accepted conventions influenced by Whiteness. Emily's negative depictions of Black women stems from conditions of her privilege. Through Emily, Phillips shows readers how White's responded to black womanhood in the nineteenth century. What constituted a Black woman was directly related to the control that Whites had over them. Racism was at work, reinforcing the conception of whiteness while at the same time, deconstructing blackness.

Ray Bradbury’s All Summer in a Day

Ray Bradbury, conveys the key ideas related to power and powerlessness in the text All summer in a day. The power of the group, where the group of children go up against Marmot in a successful attempt to physically and emotionally abuse her. The second idea portrays the lack of power of the Individual, Marmot, as she is isolated, and vulnerable against the majority. These are the key Ideas present related to power and powerlessness. The power of the majority/ group Is a key Idea relating to power and powerlessness.Marmot Is the Individual going up against all her classmates, the majority. The power of the group Is represented as the oppression as all the children confront Marmot and taunt and bully her. This can be the mall plot point of the story of this story. These school children hear Marmot's story of how she has been to Earth and experienced the sun before but they become ignorant and start taunting her and twisting everything that she says. The reason behind all this hate is b ecause they are al jealous that she has seen the sun more frequently and that they can't relate to that experience.Marmot is shown to be powerless as all the children taunt her and abuse her. â€Å"What're you looking at? Said William. Marmot said nothing. Speak when you're spoken to. He gave her a shove. But she did not move; rather she let herself be moved only by him and nothing else. † This shows strong direct speech and sets the tone to a dark and intense atmosphere as Marmot is getting bullied and taunted at. This idea shows how strong the majority is in the eyes of the individual.

K Campbell

Assessment – Outcomes 1 & 2 1. Explain marketing theory in relation to the 4 P’s. Explain the factors that would affect how Britvic might decide on their choice of each of these items. b. Product Mix and individual products c. Distribution channels d. Pricing methods e. Promotional methods Product – When Britvic introduces a product into a market they must ask themselves a number of questions, who is the product aimed at, what benefit will customers expect, how do they plan to position the product within the market? And what differential advantage will the product offer over their competitors.The product aspects of marketing deal with the specifications of the actual goods or services, plus how it relates to the end users needs and wants. As Britvic have a wide variety of drinks they target a variety of markets and are very successful at growing and bringing out new products and making them popular. Distribution – refers to how the product gets to the buye r; for instance, point-of-sale assignment or retailing. This refers to the channel by which a product or service is sold (e. g. online vs. retail), which geographic region or industry, to which division (young adults, families, business citizens), etc. lso referring to how the surroundings in which the product is sold in can influence sales. Britvic is sold over a large geographical area and is sold too many different industries including pubs, restaurant, shops, supermarkets and many more. Also they are aiming at many different divisions such as young children (fizzy pop) and to an older division by selling vitamin drinks and still drinks. When thinking about distribution Britvic should make sure they have the right: †¢ wholesalers †¢ facilitators †¢ agents †¢ logistics †¢ buyers †¢ retailers †¢ resellersPrice requires marketers to determine the amount of money that they will ask in exchange for their products. Of all the aspects of the marketing mix, price is the one, which creates sales revenue – all the others are costs. The price of an item is clearly an important determinant of the value of sales made. In theory, price is really determined by the discovery of what customers perceive is the value of the item on sale. Researching consumers' opinions about pricing is important to Britvic as it indicates how they value what they are looking for as well as what they want to pay.Britvic’s pricing policy will vary according to time and circumstances. When selling their products they should take the following into consideration: †¢ market based pricing †¢ cost based pricing †¢ new pricing strategies The one thing that Britvic wouldn’t want to do is over charge their customers as this could lose current or potential customers but they also need to have the right price to make a profit Promotion is the business of communicating with customers. It will provide information that will assist them i n making a decision to purchase a product or service.The cost associated with promotion or advertising goods and services often represents a sizeable proportion of the overall cost of producing an item. However, successful promotion increases sales so that advertising and other costs are spread over a larger output. Though increased promotional activity is often a sign of a response to a problem such as competitive activity, it enables an organisation such as Britvic to develop and build up a succession of messages and can be extremely cost-effective.They would have to consider the ideas of why they should advertise and where they should advertise because if they can advertise in the right place then they can get vast amount of promotions for their products. 2. In marketing a service, explain the importance of: a. Process b. People c. Physical Environment Process – Service process is the way in which a service is delivered to the end customer. Companies like Britvic thrive on their quick and popular service and the reason they can do that is their confidence on their processes.The demand of these services is such that they have to deliver optimally without a loss in quality one example of this is they have some of their drinks in smaller glass bottles to preserve the vitamins and goodness in the bottles for longer. Thus the process of a service company in delivering its product is of utmost importance. It is also a critical component in the service blueprint, wherein before establishing the service, the company defines exactly what should be the process of the service product reaching the end customer People – An essential ingredient to any service provision is the use of appropriate staff and people.Recruiting the right staff and training them appropriately in the delivery of their service is essential if the organisation wants to obtain a form of competitive advantage. Consumers make judgments and deliver perceptions of the service based on the employees they interact with. Staff should have the appropriate interpersonal skills and service knowledge to provide the service that consumers are paying for. Many British organisations such as Britvic aim to apply for the Investors in People accreditation, which tells consumers that staff is taken care of by the company and they are trained to certain standards.Physical Evidence – Physical Evidence is the element of the service mix which allows the consumer again to make judgments on the organisation. If you walk into a restaurant your expectations are of a clean, friendly environment. On an aircraft if you travel first class you expect enough room to be able to lie down. Physical evidence is an essential ingredient of the service mix; consumers will make perceptions based on their sight of the service provision which will have an impact on the organisations perceptual plan of the service. . Explain how Britvic might adapt their marketing mix in response to three possible changes in marketing conditions. One reason could be product objectives. Each product is created with its own objective or purpose. The company has to make sure that they use their marketing mix to its full potential because each of their products would have to be created differently since each of them would have their own purpose. Another reason could be the competition. When the company has lots of ompetition they sometimes have to come up with some new original creative ideas that no other company has ever thought of. In order to do this they would have to go through their marketing mix and think outside the box so that they can create better products then think of a suitable prices so that they can make a good profit from. Then they would have to think of a different way to promote the products And lastly another reason would be new technology and changing fashions for example updating the style of packaging of the product.They could make the packaging better by giving the prod ucts a longer shelf life and overall make the products last longer which would make a better profit as there wouldn’t be as much waste and the drinks would be fresher. This would boost sales with if they had new packaging, but they would need to go through the whole mix again so that they could re-advertise the product so all the current customers and new target markets would know that they have the same great products but with a new improved more current packaging and the products are more fresh and last longer. Katy Campbell- HNC Admin and Information Technology.

Night owl Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Night owl - Essay Example This however does not negate the fact that good sleeping patterns should not be advocated for. It is not only vital but also health for persons to get the right amount of sleep each day. Much praises has not been languished towards the night owls as the early birds. However, Jacques (Para 3) explains that there are reasons the owl persons to be proud of who they are. She argues that one of the reasons to be proud if an individual is an evening person is that they might be having an IQ that is relatively higher. At the London School of Economics and Political Science, an evolutionary scientist called Satoshi Kanazawa found out the possibility of a connection or relationship between evolutionary adaptive behaviors and intelligence. It is a deviation from what ancestors did. Jacques (Para 4) activities that are routinely nocturnal are evolutionarily novel and were most likely seldom in the ancestral environment. The conclusion of the study revealed that intelligent children have the highest probability of growing up and becoming nocturnal in adulthood by going to bed both on weekends and weekdays late and waking up late. However, despite the fact that their IQ may be higher, the early birds tend to in a slightly better position for success. According to Jacque (Para 5), the second reason for the evening persons to be proud is that they usually benefit from the having strength at night. They have an advantage in terms of physicality in comparison to the morning people. The tests from researchers of the University of Alberta on the strength of legs of both morning and evening persons reveals that while the early birds exhibit consistent strength throughout the day, the night owls strength peaks at night to higher levels. This is attributed to the fact that nocturnal persons shows increase in excitability in the spinal cord and motor cortex. Jacque (Para 6) claims that individuals who tend to work more at night are to be a little more

Theater Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Theater - Essay Example A man who suffers from congenital analgesia, a condition where he is unable to feel any form of pain falls in love with a woman and realizes that bruises and lacerations aren’t the only form pain that the human body could experience. The character’s exploration of pain and love is not only heart-warming but gives a close association between emotions and how they affect the well-being of our body. It shows how love repairs the character’s body and discusses a very novel concept in this short story titled â€Å"this hurts†. By the end of Steve’s story, his condition is miraculously healed as he falls in love and begins to experiences pain that he was medically unable to feel. The story could have given greater depth to Steve’s and his lover’s character but the fact that the play had eight more stories it is quite understandable as to why the plot wasn’t only superficially elaborated upon. All in all â€Å"Almost, Maine† is a well-written play that requires immense aptitude for its production and the director and actors did a wonderful job in bringing together all these exquisite notions in one

Jack Welch - A Simple Leader of Genius Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Jack Welch - A Simple Leader of Genius - Essay Example The custodial concept shows employees' orientation on money. It is known that one of the manager's needs is security, which is provided by using this concept, the result of which is simple passive cooperation. The supportive and collegial theories also take their place, main principles of them being orientation on support and self-discipline respectively. But getting to know Jack Welch closer one becomes sure that this person used none of these theories, having created his own one, which turned the top managers of the global companies into talented and oriented leaders. Jack F. Welch became a CEO in General Electric when he was 45, thus being the youngest manager of such level at the time. He spent his entire career with G.E., and with this company he has developed his concept of ever-continuous development of the company. In the late 1970's it was already becoming apparent, that the G.E. Corporation was facing a state of being a victim of the global economy. National companies were losing their consumers, because foreign companies produced better goods for lower prices, and this was accepted by Welch as a very important sign. In his work he used the idea of all businesses being No.1 or No. 2 in their area, otherwise they were to be "fixed, closed or sold" (Tichy and Sherman, 16). He sold $12 billion of low profit businesses and bought $26 billion of highly profitable ones, thus allowing the profits and sales to increase from $1.5 billion in 1980 to $5.2 billion in 1993. Welch has created a whole leadership philosophy, due to which G.E. has acquired the strongest balance sheet. Jack Welch was not simply a successful CEO - he was and is an undisputed all-time champion of the corporate leadership. When Welch became a CEO, G.E. had a great number of problems, which were long-lasting and could become invisible for most of the top managers. First of all, the earnings of the company grew too slowly, capital expenditures were too high, thus making the capital flow slow as well, productivity growth was no more than 1-2% per year. He also noted that management was taking decisions too slowly, the company was overfilled with bureaucracy and he felt that in order to keep the company flowing, he must bring it through the most radical changes that have ever been accomplished in it. He has formulated the six rules of management, which are so unique and universal at the same time that could be used not only in managing a company, but almost in every sphere of human life. 1. Control your destiny, or someone else will. According to this principle the employees must control their destiny themselves, that is, Welch gave them some kind of freedom in taking decisions. He strongly believed that this would make companies successful, opening talents and capabilities of workers. Now we are constantly amazed by how much people

Obama and National Security (NASA) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Obama and National Security (NASA) - Essay Example Nonetheless, this paper focuses on discussing effects of changes in security and their effects on American citizens. Some of the changes that have occurred in NASA include lying off thousands of employees, thereby resulting to loss of pertinent skills and experience. Moreover, some of these changes have led to difficulty in reconstructing complex and reliable space system that can lead to increased effectiveness for security systems (Dinerman, 1). Therefore, it is evident that these changes are leading to deterioration of state security, which increases the vulnerabilities of the citizens. In this case, NASA has to be maintained for it to continue making relevant contribution on the American global power. Apparently, this agency is likely to succumb to confusion and lack of comprehensible directive that can assist in facilitating America security. In that case, Americans are likely to experience a future with increased vulnerability due to threats of terrorism. In conclusion, this paper has offered an overview of the function taken by NASA in facilitating security of Americans and effects of chang es occurring within this agency such as increased vulnerability of American citizens. Neal-Jones Nancy and Steigerwald Bill. â€Å"New NASA Mission to Help Us Better Estimate Asteroid Impact Hazard†. NASAs Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md. February 7, 2013. Web June 23 2013

Bendix Policies Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Bendix Policies - Case Study Example Their reactions showed that they greatly feared the loss of their position and reputation. This is due to the fact that William Agee’s method of leadership, which is decentralizing powers and his own spontaneous style of meritocracy, is both in contrast and in conflict with board members and other managers’ style of corporate handling. It is ethically wrong for them to treat her rise to the ranks with much sour judgment. At the same time, it would have been to Mary Cunningham’s best interest to have shown some measure of respect toward the board members. Even though the board members were wrong from the start, she should have at least shown some degree of politeness. Also, prudence would have worked well for her advantage. If she was more discreet with regards to her closeness with William Agee, there would have been less scrutiny and suspicion coming from other managers. William Agee should have also put an effort to avoid such scrutiny by showing some professional distance between him and Mary Cunningham. That way, both would have less trouble with regards to the position placing issues and resistance from the board

Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 20

Management - Essay Example Currently, people at Mr. X’s hotel owing to his highly profitable management style share mutual goals, which is a kind of trend that results in delivering real value to customers. Following discussion will demonstrate key features of my interview with Mr. X and also explain how his experience added to my knowledge of management. Many factors internal and external to an organization can influence the role played by mangers in carrying out their job. Success of a company depends a lot on if a manager is a good planner and has a considerable experience in planning functions or not. Sometimes managers do not find it easy to fully commit themselves to their plans which can adversely affect both short and long-term goals of a company. Apart from managers’ inherent capabilities, it can be factors external to an organization like the state of an economy or a fiercely competitive business environment which can affect the role played by managers. Bad economy can prevent a manager from good planning. The essence of Mr. X’s narrative was that a manager should essentially view him/herself as a conscientious leader. This is because an ethically and socially responsible leader always remains keen on participating with his/her employees. This participative style is the key to sustain success in any organization. Mr. X also described different management styles to me. Some organizations are run like tribes where managers primarily focus on paternalistic authoritarian management. Such managers develop aggressive-defensive cultures which thrive on the use of coercive prods. These coercive means are used by employers to force employees to complete tasks (Cheng 2006, p. 59). This negatively impacts the rate of employee motivation in an organization. Participative style on the other hand advocates the idea that every member of an organization

Role of Social Media in Higher Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Role of Social Media in Higher Education - Essay Example Social media also contains design applications that establish virtual social spaces encouraging interaction, in that way enhancing the appeal of the technology. There has been increased use of social media in higher education and this literature review gives an in-depth analysis of various scientific investigations. In this age where online sites including Facebook, Twitter, Live Journal, Instant Messenger, campus blogs and Web Shots, students in higher institutions of learning are using online sites as the major medium of communication. As anticipated, this medium of communication presents students with ethical decisions on acceptable behavior, self-disclosure, and social propriety. Owing to the fact that the extensive use of social media sites has posted numerous problems for students and administrators, the book seeks to give professional guidance to policymakers and higher education professionals. Online Social Networking on Campus: Understanding what matters in student culture is a certified guide for student affairs administrators and higher education facilities that carefully analyze the use of social media sites and their use to develop relations in the institutions and outside the institutions. More importantly, the book looks into how college students use social media sites to explore and establish their identities. The findings in this book are got from surveys, interviews, and data from focus groups. Furthermore, the text gives an ethnographic perspective on social networking that helps information technology administrators, student affairs administrators and members of the faculty get a better understanding of the use of college media among college students. Students in higher institutions of learning communicate using social media sites more than face-to-face communication.  

WRITE A sidebar, along the lines of the sidebar in HK Chs. for one of Essay

WRITE A sidebar, along the lines of the sidebar in HK Chs. for one of the HK chapters - Essay Example But South Koreans were able to surmount their obstacles through creative inputs of their citizens and contribution from International Monetary Fund or IMF. IMF’s bailout package of $57 billion had come with huge conditions. The structural reforms were implemented in the form of massive layoff, shutting off of banks, control of IMF vis-Ã  -vis decision making in tax rates, interest rates of central banks. These had huge cascading ramifications on the people at large. They were force to liberalize their economic policy to facilitate foreign market entry, cutting taxes and drastically reducing government spending at the cost of public welfare. But Korean people were not prepared to take the economic depression placidly. They came to the rescue of their country through personal commitment and proactive participation. This was one of the most unique and exemplary exhibition of patriotism. The citizens of Korea donated gold from their personal collection of jewellery to the movement and collected whopping $2.2 billion from 3.5 million Korean citizens. Huge queue of the enthusiastic citizens could be seen at various collection centres. Eight tonnes of gold was collected in first week (bbc.com) Koreans were very sensitive to their country’s vulnerability to the exploits of IMF which had forced them to liberalize their economy for foreign market. They showed their resentment by reducing their imports by promoting goods made in their country only. They focused on strong manufacturing exports to improve their economic conditions (koreatimes.com). Koreans have been renowned for their love of their country. In 107, when Korea was overwhelmed with national debt of 13 million won1, ‘National Debt Repayment Movement’ had come to the fore and collected 190,000 won. The Korean culture greatly takes pride in their national heritage and likes to be proactive participant in its nation building processes. Through innovative measures and people’s participation, South

The following is an analysis of the IKEA Essay Example for Free

The following is an analysis of the IKEA Essay The following is an analysis of the IKEA case study found in the Strategic Management Text book. This analyses the strategies used by IKEA to gain competitive advantage in markets outside its original area. The report begins by providing a background into IKEA. It studies International Business Level Strategy and the three international corporate level strategies. The case study goes into informing its target market and pricing strategy, which is already discussed. This case study further says how different people in different parts of the world thinks about IKEA, how elegant their designs are and how affordable for them to purchase IKEA products. Some of IKEA’s main markets are in three of the fastest growing markets such as Russia, US and China. IKEA store bring out products such as furniture to small product like a scented candle. IKEA has over 1300 suppliers in about 53 countries. They further have 12 full time in- house designers with 80 free lancers and other production workers to identify the correct raw materials and produce products ef? ciently and cost effectively. Primarily, IKEA produced standardized products however; this international strategy did not work for one of its vital markets that is, US. Therefore, they had to emphasize on taking corrective actions. The report also analyses the entry methods used by IKEA and its sustainability. IKEA was founded by Ingvar Kamprad a native of Sweden in 1943, when the founder, at the age of 17 was given money by his father in return for doing well in his studies. This money was used to start up his own company, IKEA, which stood for his intials and the ? rst letters of the farm and village in which he grew up. The company initially sold basic items such as pens, picture frames, table runners, wallets, jewellery, nylons stockings and watches, at a low price(History of ikea, 2010). Furniture was ? rst introduced into the IKEA range of products in 1948, and due to a positive response, the product line increased in size. Customers were allowed the ability of viewing and touching the furniture that was previously only viewable through catalogue. IKEA opened a showroom in Sweden to create a competitive advantage, due to a price war with their main competitor, so that customers could determine whether they were getting value for money. Finally IKEA made the decision to design its own furniture due to competitors trying to make suppliers boycott IKEA products. The â€Å"? at-packs and self assembly† concepts arose when an employee disassembled a table in order to prevent damage during transport (History of ikea, 2010). In 1963 the ? rst IKEA store outside of Sweden was established in Norway. From this point on, IKEA began to spread like a wild? re, ? rst to Denmark, then Switzerland, Germany, Australia, Canada, Austria and Netherlands. Many alliances were struck up with different suppliers in order to introduce new products, together with new concepts, which led to costeffectiveness. One example was an innovative, multifunctional seat/recliner, which was made by utilizing a denim, a raw material from another industry, which could be obtained at a low cost. In 1980, together with the new furniture concepts being born at certain intervals, IKEA was looking to expand to further markets, and did so through franchising. To ensure continuation and long term independence of IKEA, the founder created a new ownership structure and organisation. The major portion of IKEA was donated to a foundation, while the right to franchise the IKEA concept worldwide remained with the IKEA group of companies. In the 1990’s, the IKEA market expanded not only geographically, but in terms of target market. The company began to design furniture that catered expressly to children. A website was launched to cater to the many markets that were now open, and the children’s line was enhanced on consultation with experts on with experts to develop play areas, room settings, and baby areas within the stores themselves. Kitchen-ware and kitchen areas were another concept developed in this period. IKEA also began participating in a number of forestry projects to ensure sustainability, by taking responsibility for developing acceptable practices and policies in countries where IKEA works. IKEA Case Study 4 Company Outline IKEA is a world renowned furnishing company reputed for selling Scandinavian-style furniture and other home-based goods. The company has 230 stores, with operations carried out in over 42 countries with well over 70 000 employees. The stores themselves can host 410 million shoppers per year. It is a Swedish based company built on the idea of offering a wide range of well-designed, functional home furnishing products such low prices, that a majority of people will be able to afford them. The IKEA group is currently solely owned by the INGKA Foundation through a holding company, unlisted on any stock exchange. The vision at IKEA is to â€Å"create a better everyday life for the many people†(Ikea, 2011). The main business of IKEA supports this vision, by the manufacture and selling of a wide range of home furnishing products at an affordable price. Since the ethos of IKEA is to make good quality products at an affordable price, the company has succeeded in development of costeffective and innovative production methods. This has been the company’s focus since its inception, and the company has succeeded in doing so by making the maximum use out of raw materials, and adapting the products to meet people’s needs. 04-02-18 Currently, in addition to the historical additions to the IKEA range, customers can now shop online. Other innovations include 2 the boards with patterns created on them directly, called â€Å"print on board†, in addition to a concept known as â€Å"product !! Expert where returned products are repaired instead of equipment etc where possible. recovery concept†functions such as IT, food services, retailbeing thrown awayoperates under economies of scale and is supportive to the basic operations !! IKEA of Sweden AB is responsible for the range design, purchase from etc The majority of the operations occur within the retail business; while IKEA does developmentexternal suppliers, in addition !! Inter IKEA systems B. V (The Netherlands) owns the IKEA concept and trademark which the company produces its own products through their industrial group known as Swedwood. is bought by the retail operations but is also sold to outside operators on a franchising basis !! The furniture is purchased through purchasing operations (trading service offices) in 33 countries with 1800 suppliers in 55 countries. !! The distribution operations covers 25 regional distribution centres in 14 countries supplying goods to the stores !! The retail operations are geographically organised with a specific organisation for Retail Europe

A strategic analysis of jetblue airways

A strategic analysis of jetblue airways The US airline industry trends have caused airline companies, including Jet Blue to struggle for survival. Retirement has caused a shortage of pilots and instructors. Flying schools experience less instructors and hours needed to train new pilots. In 2008, crude oil prices increased to a record $140 per barrel (Thompson, Strickland, Gamble, 2010). Increased prices of fuel allowed the airlines to charge passenger fees for fuel surcharges, baggage fees, and beverage and snack fees. Airlines continue to charge fees with increasing fuel prices to generate an airline strategy. After 9/11, Congress passed the Aviation and Transportation Security Act (PDF), by issuing this Act; federal employees were tasked to handle all airport security. Increased screening for baggage and passengers, size limits on fluids and x-ray inspections. With the additional security measures, came financial burdens to the airline industry. Jet Blues strategic intent When Jet Blues was founded, David Nelleman wanted air travel to compassionate and fun. The strategic intent was to offer customers a low discount airline carrier with the comforts of home. As the first airline to offer electronic ticketing, Jet Blue wanted to delay its flights instead of canceling them. Agents were allowed to work from home and customers enjoyed gourmet snacks, coffees, in-seat televisions with satellite radio and movie channels. Jet Blue began to look into increasing the shareholder and customer values with the expansion of New Yorks JFK Airport with 8 am and 9 am flights. This was hopeful to Jet Blue executives; they wanted to appeal to younger customers, affluent New Yorkers, and those traveling to New York City. Opening up this new terminal has saved $50 million in labor, fuel, and vouchers. Now, the company serves more than 53 destinations (Thompson et al., 2010). JetBlues financial objectives success in achieving Although Jet Blues stock dropped by 50% in the five years, revenues grew 185% between 2003 and 2007, their operating expenses grew 222% during the same period. The loss in revenue was blamed on the cost of fuel (532% increase) and interest expense (658% increase). Jet Blue decided to take a conservative financial strategy in which they maintained high liquid ratios relative to the other major airlines (Thompson et al., 2010). Jet Blue was millions behind the competitor but developed new equity capital and credit, which was needed to keep the company, and allow them to maintain strong liquidity. Assessment of competitive advantage Cost. JetBlue operates at a lower cost than its competitors. According to Thompson, Strickland Gamble (2010), JetBlues total operating expenses were 12.17 per revenue passenger mile in 2008 versus $18.18 for American Airline, $18.18 for Continental, $20.95 for Delta, $13.85 for Southwest, $19.13 for United, and $21.45 for US Airways. Its planes, such as, the Airbus A320, tended to be newer than those of its competitors resulting in lower maintenance costs and no maintenance-related fines. The company increased flying time by minimizing turnaround time. Reservation agents worked at home resulting in cost savings as compared to a traditional call center. These measures paid off creating a major competitive advantages in the form of low operating costs that other airlines did not achieve. Organizational culture. JetBlues organizational structure was created based on five steps. First, the companys values were determined. Then, hiring managers selected employees who mirrored the companys values. Next, the company ensured that the company exceeded employee expectations and to listen to customers. And, finally, the company created a plan to drive excellence. The values established by JetBlue were safety, caring, integrity, fun, and passion. As an example, George Forman grills were set up at the JFK terminal to allow employees to have fun. By only hiring employees that mirrored those values, the company could encourage hiring managers to be creative during the hiring process and to weed out those that would not be a fit. By making these steps an active part of getting work done, JetBlue developed a strong organizational culture. Human resource practices. JetBlue is a company with a strong focus on people. In anticipation of airplane pilot shortages they implemented Aviation University Gateway, partnered with universities to identify exceptional candidates, and implemented internship programs. They addressed a lack of confidence in JetBlues leadership by providing leadership development training. They developed an airline training center at the Orlando International Airport. To make up for paying employees a lower base salary than its competitors, they offered health coverage, profit sharing, and 401k retirement plans. They also avoided layoffs through voluntary packages and attrition. This focus on meeting the needs of its employees, growing talent, and creating a talent pool was essential competitive benefits that were very difficult to imitate. JetBlues strategies for 2008 beyond and likelihood of success. In 2008, JetBlue adapted new strategies to re-evaluate the way its assets were used, reduce capacity, cut costs, raise fares, grow in select markets, offer services for business travel, form strategic partnerships, and increase ancillary revenues. JetBlue formed an alliance with Lufthansa to enable the company to use their terminals at JFK and signed a contract with Continental to provide LiveTV (Thompson et al., 2010). JetBlue reduced their capacity by selling nine aircrafts and reduced costs by delaying the delivery of 21 new aircrafts (Thompson et al., 2010). They reduced aircraft utilization rates, suspended service in some cities, and cancelled plan service in order to cut costs. After choosing Orlando to become a target market, they then raised prices but to lower fares than competitors. Furthermore, they provided incentives to corporate travelers, entered into agreements with Expedia for leisure travelers and Travelocity for business customers, and with Aer Lingus to expand t heir reach internationally. To generate revenue, JetBlue created new fees, including a fee for a second bag and for select seats. Even with these strategies, the airlines financial performance shows that they are falling short of expectations during the first six months of 2008 (Thompson et al., 2010). However, 2009 was a successful year for JetBlue. The company was one of only a few to report four consecutive quarters of profitability in this year (JetBlue, 2010). A net income of $58 million was generated with an operating margin of 8.5% which was an improvement of more than $140 million compared to 2008. They continued to have one of the strongest liquidity positions in the U.S. airline industry relative to our revenues. In addition, JetBlue generated positive free cash flow for the first time in its history. According to JetBlues 2009 annual report, these results demonstrated the benefits of JetBlues disciplined growth strategy, its focus on managing capital expenditures, rationalizing capacity, maximizing revenue, and controlling costs. Given that the company is prosperous in challenging times, it is likely that the companys sound strategies and cash-rich positions will give the company longevity over the long term. Conclusions The purpose of this report was to examine JetBlues business strategy. Trends in the U.S. airline industry impacting crude oil prices, pilot shortages, and 9/11 aviation security measures. Overall, these trends, combined with a weak economy, caused airlines to struggle to survive. JetBlue has survived by a focus on bringing humanity back to air travel at low fares. They focused on providing value, customer service, and unique extras for customers. Employees benefit from training and a strong organizational culture. The business benefited from measures to cut costs and form lucrative partnerships. Presently, the financial reports of JetBlue showed that the company was outperforming its competitors in a recession making the company highly likely to be successful over the long term.

Impact of Brand Extensions

Impact of Brand Extensions Launching brand extensions are a bit like having kids just because you can doesnt mean you should. But if the conditions are right, and everything is thoroughly prepared and though through, then it can be terrifically rewarding Rory Sutherland, Creative Director, Ogilvy One, as cited in (Miller Muir, 2004). Initially, brand extensions begun in the luxury goods industry, when the French haute couture fashion houses started diversifying to jewelry, watches, cosmetics and accessories. In 1921, French luxury fashion house Chanel launched its first perfume, Chanel nÂÂ °5 and it remains until now one of the best-selling perfume in the world, enhancing the luxury reputation of the brand. In the last few years, many luxury fashion houses have launched new ventures in order to expand their recognizability outside their usual area of activities; i.e., clothing, cosmetics and accessories. This process initiated by evolving to new spaces such as hotels, bars, or restaurants where people can experience a special mood; often in strict relationship with the philosophy of the brand. With the success of many luxury brands entering the hospitality industry such as Bulgari, Versace, this research paper seeks to analyze Guccis brand extension and advise the head of directors on the impacts of extending to the hospitality business. Founded in the 1920s, Gucci has become one of the worlds leading luxury fashion brands. With a renowned reputation for design, quality and Italian traditional expertise, the brand offers a wide range of products (clothing, handbags, shoes, timepieces, jewelry and skis). Gucci covers all aspects of product launching, from designing, through manufacturing , and distribution. (Kering, 2013) In the study of the arguments for and against, the researcher will examine brands that have intended this diversification earlier to get an indication of the impacts of undertaking such a project. The key strategy used to examine the outcomes of progressing the Gucci group into the hospitality industry is the Brand extension strategy (Aaker Keller, 1990, pp. 27-41); that the researcher will enhance by applying the Categorization theory (Smith Medin, 1981). Furthermore, previous examples of failure or success of brand diversification will be discussed as in essential to avoid pitfalls and has an influence on the decision. Among these examples, the Golden Arch Hotel, case of McDonalds extends to the hospitality industry. In order to better conduct the research, the major first step is to clearly define the research aims and objectives. The Aim is what the paper wants to achieve depending on the business question, while the Objectives distinguish how the aim is going to be achieved (Manchester Metropolitan University, 2008). The next section will focus on both parts so as to build the structure and serve as a guiding line for the rest of this essay. Aim Objectives Aim This research project aims to analyze whether a luxury brand such as the Gucci group, should extend their products and services into the hotel industry in order to follow the path previously experienced by the Armani group in Dubai. Objectives To determine if the brand extension strategy successively fits the group; if it is compatible with the core brand and company goals, as diversification can enable a business to access new revenue streams. What is Brand extension theory? The conceptual model Does it apply to the Gucci Group? What are the costs of such a process? What are the benefits and limitations? What are the competitors? (SWOT Analysis) To critically review if the Italian lifestyle and the prestige of Italian fashion industry constitute important elements of cultural heritage that can be productively employed in the fields of leisure and hospitality marketing. Does the brand equity apply to the Hospitality Industry? What variables influence consumers perceptions about the acceptability of brand extensions? How similarity and consumer innovativeness may affect the brand? To analyze whether brand extension strategy is a proper tool to keep the brand up to date whilst the organization adapt to market changes. Does extending to the hospitality industry risk making it lose its relevance and appeal? Is the brand strong enough to guarantee successful brand extension? (Case study of McDonalds adventure in the hotel industry) Will it improve overall brand image or damage brand identity? Literature review Brand Extension Strategy The original definition of a brand, as cited by Aaker, is a distinguishing name and/or symbol (such as a logo, motto, package design or trademark) intended to identify the goods or services of one seller, and to differentiate those goods or services from those of the competition (Aaker Keller, 1990). A brand extension is defined when a company uses an existing brand name to introduce a new product (Vukasovic, 2012), as well as, when an existing brand is combined with a new brand when introducing a new product (Keller, 2008). Consumer Behavior Seminar, regrouping a number of contributors, first introduced brand extension in 1987. They were trying to understand how consumers extend prior associations about a companys brands to new products offered by the same firm (Boush, et al., 1987). Nowadays, brand extensions might be one of the most researched and impacting areas of marketing (Elliott Percy, 2007). Brand extension is considered to be the most attractive marketing strategy; indeed, it enables to reduce the launching cost of introducing new products by compensating with the consumers perception and awareness of the parent brand (Lassar, Mittal, Sharma, 1995). Therefore, a successful brand extension will allow manufacturers to take advantage from this by gaining a higher expectation in the consumers mind and hold more shelf space for their brands. It has also been determined that the least quality variation in product diversification is likely to gain more consumers than when the product lines are distinguishable (Lassar, Mittal, Sharma, 1995). The implementation of this strategy will result in lower advertising costs for the extended brand as well as higher sales because of the knowledge experience of the brand. Nonetheless, numerous researchers agreed that luxury brand extensions have been left behind. Even though the luxury brands were the first to initiate brand extensions by extending their haute couture brand to accessories, cosmetics, watches and jewelry, and though brand extensions are the essence of an organization model of the luxury haute couture brands (Uggla Lashgari, 2012), yet the main researchers that were conducted were either relating about a non luxury brand or a venture between a luxury and a non-luxury brand, which has some particular limitations (Stankeviciute Hoffmann, 2011). Previous findings on the impact of brand extensions on the luxury parent brand will be introduced, followed by a focus on the categorization theory and a self-created conceptual model. The Impact of Brand Extensions on the Luxury Parent Brand It has been proven that luxury brands may be compromising their reputation while diversifying and targeting a wider market share. We record well-known luxury brand Pierre Cardin who fall into every consumers reach goods by using his notoriety in marketing a commercial quality of hundreds of products. This can be understood by high quality non-personal needs when customers wish to buy products, not available to a broader public (Dubois Paternault, 1995). In order to strengthen the core luxury brand image of the parent brand, luxury brand extensions are often attempted, thus, the relationship between consumers and the luxury brand must be strengthened. In a study in 1995, Elyette Roux intended to measure the impact of luxury brand extensions on the parent brand image through brand prestige, brand confidence and desirability (Roux, Consumer Evaluation of Luxury Brand Extensions, 1995). In order to do so, Roux predicted that she could use conceptual fit, transferability, and perceived quality of original brand as variables. The results proved that brand confidence is only influenced by the conceptual fit approach. Thus, only luxury brand extensions that are in strict correlation to the build brand confidence and the parent luxury brands expertise will have a positive outcome on the parent brand. If extensions are uncertain, brand image dilution will happen due to brand confidence decrease. Brand prestige is mainly anticipated by brand quality and conceptual fit. On a lower extend, transferability contributes in a significant way to brand prestige. Only acknowledged luxury brand extensions will enrich brand prestige, assuming the luxury brand possesses the ability to substitute its credentials and has quality reputation. Luxury brand extensions are facing many challenges to extend target markets (Dubois Paternault, 1995). The aim is to increase consumers need for this specific brand. Brand perceived quality and conceptual fit are the main predictors for desirability. The decrease of brand desirability will harm the luxury brand image. People devoting to buy luxury brands for pretention motives, will remove their demand off these brands. Globally, the results proved that brand prestige; brand confidence and brand desirability are significantly linked with the nature of luxury brand extensions (Boush, et al., 1987). In 1996, Roux went a step further, expanding the study on the impact of brand extensions on a luxury fashion brands confidence, prestige and desirability balanced by the use of consumers knowledge level. The hypothesis was not supported, it involved that more knowledgeable people would give the parent brand elements more extreme evaluations. This hypothesis approves that consumers are attracted to buy luxury fashion brands because of their emotional benefit and image influence. Furthermore, the study states that brand prestige; desirability and confidence, when used as purchase intention variables, have no relationship among each other. (Roux Boush, The Role of Familiarity and Expertise in Luxury Brand Extension, 1996). The Categorization Theory Categorization enables a large variety of subordinate functions because classifying something as a category member grants people to bring their knowledge of the category to focus on the new entrant (Smith Medin, 1981). The step in which any cylindrical object is determined as a flashlight allows you to understand the Categorization theory. Therefore, people trend to predict its parts, trace its functions, and presume its behavior (Cheah Phau, 2008). Once people have categorized some new entity, for example, they may be using suitable knowledge for prediction and acceptation. For example, you can easily assume that the cylindrical object set as a flashlight will have one battery at least, will have some kind of interrupter, and will basically produce a beam of light when the switch is pressed. People do not only categorize to accept new market entrants, they also use the new entities to modify and update their concepts. In a nutshell, categorization supports learning (Medin Rips, 2 005). The Conceptual Model This conceptual model was proposed by the researcher in order to better understand the impact of brand extensions on the parent brand equity of luxury brands. As brand extension affects the four outcomes, these interact in a certain way. Figure : The impact of brand extension

Losing Weight the Correct Way Essay example -- Health Exercise Weight

Losing Weight the Correct Way Though many Americans are in the diet and weight-loss craze, the population as a whole is still considered overweight (Lemonick). This may be due to many factors, such as lack of nutrition in food and having a slothful lifestyle. Also, as people pursue other interests, such as careers and family life, they ignore keeping themselves healthy and fit. To maintain health and life span, one must exercise, eat moderately, and eat foods that have nutritional value. If one follows this plan, one can successfully lose weight and be healthy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Exercise and having an active lifestyle is an important component to maintain in order to lose weight. Some people may think that if they skip a few meals a day and cut down on snacks, that they will lose weight without having to exercise. However, this is an incorrect assumption. To lose weight in a way that doesn’t damage one’s body, one has to make time to exercise. Skipping breakfast and ignoring when your body tells you it needs energy from food is not the way to safely lose weight. When one exercises, he slowly burns off fat, which helps the body function smoothly and effectively. Though, nowadays, people don’t have time to go to the gym or take aerobics classes, simply taking the stairs instead of the elevator is a way of keeping oneself active and can make a huge difference in one’s health.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  People must learn to eat moderately to effectively lose weight. It seems as if as the American popu...

Mass Extinction Essay -- K-T Extinction

ABSTRACT Several mass extinctions have occurred during the Earth’s history. The Cretaceous – Tertiary Boundary (K-T) Extinction caused the loss of at least three-quarters of all species known at that time including the dinosaurs. The cause of this mass extinction is a controversial subject among scientists but the fossil evidence of it’s occurrence is abundant. INTRODUCTION The K-T Extinction occurred 65 million years ago. Many species perished in that extinction. Today evidence for this extinction can be seen in the fossil record. Biological, botanical and geological evidence at the Cretaceous – Tertiary Boundary show that some enormous event occurred that caused mass extinction of life on the Earth. Controversy about the cause of the K-T extinction exists with two main theories currently being in favour. One theory is called Intrinsic Gradualism and believes the cause of the K-T Extinction was a slow and gradual Earth generated event, caused by intense volcanic activity and the effect of plate tectonics. The second theory is known as Extrinsic Catastrophism and proposes that the K-T Extinction was caused by a sudden and violent catastrophic event such as the Earth being struck by a meteor or asteroid. The K-T Extinction supports the concept of Punctuated Equilibrium in evolution because surviving species evolved and others were exterminated. Th is creates the stepladder effect of evolution seen in the fossil record . THE K-T EXTINCTION The Cretaceous period occurred between 144 and 65 million years ago. The K-T Extinction is an event that happened at the end of this period 65 million years ago. By the beginning of the Tertiary period eighty-five percent of all species disappeared, making it the second largest mass extinction event in geological history (â€Å"The End-Cretaceous (K-T) Extinction†, accessed 2000). Among the species that perished were the dinosaurs, pterosaurs, belemnoids, many species of plants, except ferns and seed-producing plants, ammonoids, marine reptiles and rudist bivalves. Severely affected organisms included planktic foraminifera, calcareous nannnoplankton, diatoms, dinoflagellates, brachiopods, mollusca, echinoids and fish. Mammals, birds, turtles, crocodiles, lizards, snakes and amphibians fared much better and were mostly unaffected by the End-Cretaceous mass extinction (â€Å"The End-cretaceous (K-T) Extinction†, accessed 2000... ...pdated 1995, accessed 3 Sept. 2000), Dino Buzz – What killed The Dinosaurs ? – Current Arguments, http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/diapsids/extinctheory.html Lowood, H. 1998 (updated 7 Sept 1999, accessed 30 June 2000), Stanford Presidential Lectures and Symposia in the Humanities and Arts, Stephen Jay Gould, http: //prelectur.stanford.edu/lecturers/gould/index.html Smith, P.L. 1997a (updated 1997, accessed 3 Sept. 2000), Biological Evidence, http://www.science.ubc.ca/~geol313/lecture/kt/biol/biol.htm Smith, P.L. 1997b (updated 1997, accessed 3 Sept. 2000), The Marine Realm, http://www.science.ubc.ca/~geol313/lecture/kt/biol/marine/marine.htm Smith, P.L. 1997c (updated 1997, accessed 3 Sept. 2000), The Terrestrial Realm, http://www.science.ubc.ca/~geol313/lecture/kt/biol/terres/terres.htm Smith, P.L. 1997d (updated 1997, accessed 3 Sept. 2000), Geological Evidence, http://www.science.ubc.ca/~geol313/lecture/kt/geol/geol.htm â€Å"Speculated Causes of the End-Cretaceous Extinction† (accessed 3 Sept. 2000), http://www.wf.carleton.ca/Museum/cretcause.htm â€Å"The End-Cretaceous (K-T) Extinction† (accessed 3 Sept. 2000), http://www.wf.carleton.ca/Museum/cretmass.htm

Factors that Relate to Student Persistence in a Two-Year Vocational Program at a Community College Essay

Student persistence is one of the many factors that educators try to consider in the goal making students succeed in their education. Schools cater to the academic needs of students and it is the primary role of schools to provide education to children, but nowadays there have been a number of children that have low interest in finishing an education (Smith, 2002). Community colleges are institutions that cater to those children who want to consider taking up a vocational course instead of a bachelor’s degree after graduating from high school. In institutions such as these, there have been a number of studies that shows that students enrolled in this program identified different factors that contribute to their success in the program. The references gathered in this study revealed seven thematic findings with regard to persistence of students enrolled in a community college. These first thematic finding that studies reveal relevant to the success of student enrolled in community colleges is support, this support comes from peers, family members and as well as support from mentors. The second thematic finding is financial support, wherein students saw that being able to be granting a support financially to cater to their education were beneficial for them to continue education. The third thematic findings discusses the different self-variables that contribute to their success, these factors include the determination of a child to succeed and the fear of failing as one of the important factors that made them continue schooling. The fourth thematic finding will discuss all about a student’s background or life experiences that contribute to their persistence in school. The fifth will tackle all about how different techniques that students use in coping with school are beneficial to their stay at school. The sixth will look into how students say that behaving in a professionally during their stay at school became beneficial for their success at school. The seventh and the last will dwell into the different challenges that students face in school, such as stress, as a major barrier in their success at school. All of these will be given corresponding analysis, discussion and interpretation as regard to their contribution to the success of students enrolled in community colleges. Thematic Finding 1: Support It has been well known that one of the factors that contribute to student success is the support which students get from educators as well as from their peers. Studies reveal that all participants believed that the support that they have received from mentors, peers and family members played a big role towards their success in school. Support from people surrounding a student is notably a factor to consider in ensuring success of a child at school. The first support that would surely boost student confidence in continuing their education comes from their own mentors. This is said to be true because if mentors or educators are providing support to their students, they would be able to have a sense of encouragement, and this encouragement boosts their determination and therefore makes the student persist school (Hu & Ma, 2010). This kind of mentor-student support is viewed as a counseling support, wherein this kind of support is seen to be beneficial for student to persist school (Fralick, n.d). This type of support has been supported by mentors or educators as beneficial for student’s persistence in school. Aside from support that student’s get from educators it is also seen that peer support plays a big role in the persistence of students at school. The role that the peers of an individual play a big role is seen not only in the education of an individual but as well as in their own lives. This is why studies have shown how beneficial peer support plays in assisting a student not only in academics as well as personal matters (Quimbita, 1991). Peer support is also seen as a major factor that contribute to the persistence of a child at school because of the fact that students get to share the learning experience with their peers in other words, they experience shared learning (Holzer & Nightingale, 2009). It is here that peer support is indeed a major factor that would contribute to the persistence of a learner. Aside from mentors and peers, the one and most special source of support would come from family members. Different studies have revealed that the support coming from parents and other family members have been beneficial for student success (Holzer & Nightingale, 2009). It is in this kind of support that students would see that the people play a big part in their lives are supporting them, this kind of support provides encouragement, and this is what students take in order for them to succeed in school. The support that learners gain from these different types of groups evidently brings out one thing that is so important in one’s success at school, and that is encouragement that brings about determination. In analyzing the role of support in student persistence at school, it could be clearly seen that the one factor that students get from these support is encouragement. This encouragement from supports such as educators, peers and family members makes students determined to succeed academically because they know that people believe in them, this alone is big factor to consider in ensuring student persistence at school. Comments: Thematic Finding 2: Financial Support It is common that students that finish high school would not continue on going to universities and colleges, the primary reason for this is mainly on financial issues. This has been an issue especially among students that belong to poor families (Smith, 2002). Seeing financial issue as a barrier for children to acquire an education, different financial support is now granted to learners in order for them to acquire an education (Wan Ko, 2005). Different studies have revealed that majority of the total population of the participants saw financial aid or assistance as one factor that contributed to their success at school. Financial support or aid is said to be beneficial to student’s persistence at school because of the financial support it gives to cater to the different need of the students in the duration of their stay in the school (Wright, 2010). The various financial aids available primarily cater to the financial needs of individuals during their whole stay at school; this is especially beneficial for students that belong to poor families (Hu, 2001). Educators who avail such assistance are provided full financial support, from enrollment to different school related finances, they are provided with all of these things (Wright, 2010). Especially among students that belong to poor families, this kind of support is something that would really help them in their pursuit of obtaining an education (Scrivener, 2008). Financial support is evidently a need amongst students, because of the fact that as years pass, the price of education n also increases and the less fortunate are deprived of an education because of this (Li, et.al, 2008). Such financial support is evidently needed in community colleges, because of the fact that most of the population of students enrolled in community colleges belongs to financially challenged families (Wright, 2010). Some financial aid or services not only provides financial assistance, most services also provide rewards for academically high performing students (Holzer & Nightingale, 2009). The additional perk from financial support makes students motivated to perform well academically (Holzer & Nightingale, 2009). Such rewards are not only provided for financial sake alone, this kind of reward also provides learners with an opportunity to perform well academically (Holzer & Nightingale, 2009). This shows that such financial assistance would not only provide the student with the chance to have an education, but as well as provide motivation to perform well in class. This kind of motivation brought about by financial support allows students to improve their grades, as well as provide enough motivation to bring about a sense of persistence in school. Studies and reports have revealed that indeed financial support plays a big role in student persistence in school. Financial support is seen to be one primary factor in student persistence in school because of how this service caters to the needs of students who are financially troubled and at the same time this service provides learners with an opportunity to do better at school and provide enough motivation for students to persist school

The rise of online foodshopping

The rise of online foodshopping BY beast4242 Using frameworks from the chapter analyse the strategic capabilities of Dyson. According to Johnson, Whittington, Scholes stated that the capabilities of an organisation that contribute to its long-term survival or competitive advantage. Here we can use VRIN framework to analysed Dyson's strategic capabilities. The four key criteria of strategic capabilities are Value, Rarity, Inimitability and Non- substitutability.Strategic capabilities are of value when they provide potential competitive advantage in a market at a cost that allows an organisation to realise acceptable levels of return. Rare capabilities are those possessed uniquely by one organisation or by a few others. Inimitable capabilities are those that competitors find difficult to imitate or obtain. Non-substitutability refers to that the organisation is not at risk from substitution. In term of identifying whether a product has competitive advantages, VRIN is really a ood tool. As the product is manufactured by Dyson, that are attracted more people pay attention to and the founder are becoming their main signs, so that the products of Dyson also becoming more and more valuable. Since the products of Dyson have featured shaped and unique innovation. They spent a long time to developing and engineering prototypes special for household product. That seeks to provide a twist to the typical device. For example, vacuum cleaners that provide smooth turning round the corners, the Dyson air multiplier perform the same function as a conventional air, etc.The most important thing is that are 11 patents application in Dyson desk fan, so that the products of Dyson are able to avoid being imitating. On the other hand, Dyson also invest heavily in Chinese and Asian manufacturing in order to make their product cheaper and then to maintain profit margin benchmarks. This design of their organizational planning does not mean that many products can be manufactured. But they s ell to the target†¦

Irony in Story of an Hour

Irony in the â€Å"Story of an Hour† By Kate Choplin The Story of an Hour by Kate Choplin is about an older woman who struggles with coercion brought about by her husband and her surreptitious yearning for freedom. Mrs. Mallard does not truly know how miserable she was until she finds out that her husband has died in a terrible train accident. Kate Choplin writes this story in a limited, third person point of view; however, it is still quite exciting with how it was structured.Choplin expresses her theme of oppression with her extensive use of situational irony and symbolism throughout the story. In The Story of an Hour, Kate Choplin makes much use of situational irony and symbolism, this helps add to the drama an excitement of the short story, especially since she wrote it as a limited, third person narrative. Choplin starts the story out by mentioning that Mrs. Mallard was afflicted with heart complications and that an immense amount of care needs to be taken to break this h eart wrenching news of her husband’s horrible death with ease.Josephine, Mrs. Mallard’s sister, and Richards, her husband’s friend, broke the news to her in broken sentences to try and soften the blow. Josephine and Richards thought that this would really hurt Mrs. Mallard, but she did not take it as most people would have. Louise immediately started to cry, but suddenly stormed off into her room, alone, she wanted no one to follow. The irony in this first part of the story stands in her heart troubles.The heart, in a traditional sense, represents one’s emotional core, the irony stands in that, her heart problems are a symbol for her emotional conflictions in her marriage. The irony in the mentioning of her heart problems is also that, the heart of a family and a marriage lies in that the relationship between man and woman is the essential groundwork of a family. Mrs. Mallard’s heart tribulations coincide with the peril in which the late nineteenth century institution of marriage finds itself on account of the inequalities between man and wife. Louise is ironic in and of herself.Choplin uses her and her failing heart to represent the women during the late 1800’s who were not able to find happiness in marriage, not because it could not be found, but because of the extremely limited amount of freedom they were allotted. Choplin writes, â€Å"There stood, facing the open window, a comfortable, roomy armchair. Into this she sank, pressed down by a physical exhaustion that haunted her body and seemed to reach into her soul. She could see in the open square before her house the tops of the trees that were all aquiver with the new spring life.The delicious breath of rain was in the air†¦ there were patches of blue sky showing here and there through the clouds that had met and piled one above the other in the west facing her window,† (Paragraph 4 & 5). Choplin uses this as irony in that being able to see the square before her house and the tops of the trees that were â€Å"aquiver† with new spring life, in that her heart, too, is â€Å"aquiver† with a new life and new hope. It is not that Mrs. Mallard did not love Brently, it is that she did not have any freedom.Just as the spring represents new beginnings, new life and renewal of hope, the death of her husband represents the same. She can now do things she never imagined of doing because her husband dictated her life. â€Å"†¦a dull stare in her eyes, whose gaze was fixed away off yonder on one of those patches of blue sky,† (Paragraph 8), this seems to be representing the light at the end of the tunnel, per say, for Mrs. Mallard, and this goes along with the new life that comes with spring. Choplin uses much symbolism throughout the story. When Mrs.Mallard finds out that her husband died, she ran upstairs to her room and â€Å"†¦she sank, pressed down by a physical exhaustion that haunted her body and seemed to reach into her soul† (Paragraph 4), the armchair symbolizes the rest from her oppressive life and the freedom from societal expectations that women from this time period were burdened with. Another situation in which Choplin uses irony in the story, which is the most important aspect, is Brently walking in the door. When Louise sees her husband who is supposed to be dead, she is beyond overwhelmed and drops dead. The doctors’ say that Mrs.Mallard died from being overjoyed in finding out that her husband was actually alive, when in fact she died from being heartbroken. The hopes of her new life of being a free woman were over, she could not live her life out how she dreamed and this is what killed her. Ultimately, Kate Choplin uses an extensive amount of situational irony and a lot of symbolism in her short story, The Story of an Hour to really bring in some excitement into it and express her feelings towards feminism in the late 19th century. Much of the irony depict ed in this short story is used in the fact that Mrs.Mallard has a weak heart. Her sister and Brently’s friend never thought that Louise would be able to withstand hearing about her husband’s tragic death; they thought that her poor heart would give out. This, however, is clearly not the case. Louise is overjoyed; she was finally, â€Å"free, free, free! †(Paragraph 10). The ironic part is when she finds out her husband is still alive, she drops dead and the doctors claim that, â€Å"†¦she had died of heart disease—of the joy that kills,† (paragraph 20) when in fact she died for the completely opposite reason.Her days would no longer be hers. This new beginning was gone. Outline I. Introduction a. Thesis: Choplin expresses her theme of oppression with her extensive use of situational irony and symbolism throughout the story. II. Body Paragraph I a. Irony in Mrs. Mallard having a bad heart b. Mrs. Mallard finds out Brently died III. Body Paragra ph II. a. Irony in the way that the weather is and the season IV. Body Paragraph III a. Mrs. Mallard finds out Brently is still alive b. Irony in why Mrs. Mallard dies V. Conclusion a. Restate thesis

Advantages and Disadvantages of Artificial Intelligence Essay

Human intelligence involves many skills such as problem solving, decision making, learning understanding and reflex actions. Many experts in AI have dreamt of creating machines that can imitate our human intelligence. This has led to many possibilities; however, the field of AI has to be understood from both sides of the coin. On the one hand, artificial intelligence has allowed the design of applications that can explore every part of the world that the human cannot visit. For example, in the field of space exploration, artificial intelligence’s machines explore universe parts that are totally hostile to human beings. Intelligent robots are programmed to excavation mining of fuel. These machines can also measure the depth of the oceans. Some of these sophisticated machines have replaced human beings in many fields that require manpower, time and money. Often, these tasks are harmful to humans and therefore programmed robots save people’s health in a big way. On the other hand, the establishment of ethics, moral values and standards is difficult when humans are dominated by machines. Any amount of automation cannot create intelligence; it is only a human feature. No machine can show dedication or emotion s at work and we as human beings cannot live in a world that is only surrounded by machines. For example, in hospitality industry, robots cannot replace the care or concern shown by the hospital staff. Therefore, beyond a point, the capabilities of lateral thinking can probably get delayed if the daily tasks are just made for power cycle machines. Thanks to artificial intelligence, it is possible that a machine can develop areas of knowledge very specific and complicated; making the machine can simulate processes which man performs. But we can highlight that it is not achieved yet a machine that can thing like a human. Indeed, this limitation is the fact that human beings are irreplaceable because human beings have an  own feature: common sense.

Environmental Policy and Sustainability Essay

According to the EPA, â€Å"environmental justice† refers to that people regardless of their caste, creed, religion, race, place of origin, socio-economic status, etc, should be given fair treatment and equality with regard to the development, execution and enforcement of environmental rules and regulations. Based on environment issues, no group or religion should be given preferences or abused. The negative or positive consequences of the environment that may develop out of municipal, commercial or industrial strategies should be borne proportionately by all the groups and people. The federal, state, local and other policies meant to protect the environment should not affect a particular group adversely (Maryland Department of Environment, 2009). In the state of Maryland, the Commission on Environmental Justice and Sustainable Communities has been organizing a dialogue session with citizens, groups and the local leaders to address any environmental issue. Special importance is given to the needs of the minorities and the low family income groups in the state of Maryland. Four such programs were held in different parts of Maryland in the October-November 2003. Importance is given to sustainable environment development, protection of the communities and programs that would benefit the community and the environment. The EJ Commission has strong relationships with the state and federal governments and discussions held during the meeting would be reflected in the state and federal policies. The EJ has also prepared a list of environmental indicators that could help to improve the environmental status (Maryland Department of Environment, 2004). b. Why are finding solutions to environmental problems so complicated? Frequently, it has been seen that the environmental problems may not be simple ones. If the environmental problem is a simple issue, it would be having complex mechanisms behind itself that involves several processes and structures through strong interrelationships. As the environment problems are complicated themselves, finding a solution to them is also complicated and advanced. One way of sorting out environmental problems and reducing their complexity would be to utilize flow modeling solutions which can consider several horizontal, vertical or parallel processes or structures. Based on the flow diagram and the various issues that may arise, the reality can be visualized and modified appropriately. References Cone, J. D. (1980). Environmental Problems / Behavioral Solutions, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Maryland Department of Environment Justice (2009). What is Environmental Justice? Retrieved on June 25, 2009, from Web site: http://www. mde. state. md. us/Programs/MultimediaPrograms/Environmental_Justice/ej_intro/index. asp Maryland Department of Environment Justice (2009). Public Dialogue Executive Summary, Retrieved on June 25, 2009, from Web site: http://www. mde. state. md. us/assets/document/environmental_justice/Public%20Dialogues%20Exec%20Summary. pdf

Retail management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Retail management - Essay Example By entering into joint-venture agreement with other large-scale grocery retailers around the world, Tesco Plc managed to establish 12 international businesses in Central Europe, Czech Republic, Hungary, Japan, Malaysia, Poland, South Korea, Thailand, Turkey, United Kingdom, and the United States among others (Leahy, 2007, pp. 42 – 43; Couch, 2006; Wilson, 2005). One of the secret behind the business success of Tesco is its ability to determine and deliver what its valued customer wants. In line with this, establishing an effective supply chain management is necessary not only within the operational level but also within the strategic level. Through the use of effective supply chain management system, the use of efficient logistic infrastructure enables the company to easily meet its target consumers’ expectations at a relatively cheaper service costs. In relation to the importance of establishing an effective supply chain management, this report will provide a strategic analysis with regards to the key supply chain issue that Tesco Plc would face over the next five years. As part of going through the main discussion, a brief historical outline with regards to the features of Tesco’s existing supply chain and special offers will be briefly tackled to give the readers with a clear overview concerning the research topic. Based on the historical developments in Tesco’s supply chain management system that took place between 1970s up to the present time, strategic recommendations on how Tesco Plc could further improve its supply chain management system will be highlighted in details. Brief Historical Outline with Regards to the Features of Tesco’s Existing Supply Chain and Special Offers Among the major suppliers of Tesco includes not only the local farmers but also other food and non-food manufacturers (Tesco PLC Corporate Responsibility Review 2007, 2007, p. 12). To achieve and maintain a smooth flow of product supplies coming str aight from Tesco’s accredited suppliers, the retail company maintains not only a good working relationship with its employees who are directly responsible in managing the schedule of delivery of its needed food and non-food supplies but also its valued consumers and a total of 1,500 accredited suppliers (Tesco PLC Corporate Responsibility Review 2007, 2007, p. 14). Mid-1970s – Direct to Store Delivery (DSD) Process During Mid-1970s, Tesco’s supply chain management system was highly dependent over the use of direct to store delivery (DSD) (Gustafsson, 2006, p. 45; Fernie & Sparks, 2004, p. 103). In line with the implementation of DSD process, Tesco was dependent over its regional distribution centres (RDCs) each time there was a need to transport ordered goods coming from its accredited suppliers straight to its retail store outlet (Gustafsson, 2006, p. 45). Although the use of this particular supply chain strategy enabled the company to deliver the ordered produ cts directly to each of Tesco’s store outlets, the retail company encountered customer complaints due to the inconsistency in the quality and market prices of food and non-food products

Critical Theory of International Relations and Neorealism Essay

Critical Theory of International Relations and Neorealism - Essay Example Neorealism show the triumph of social control and structure in defining international relations. The international structure provides a constraint on state actions and although essentially the international structure is decentralised and anarchic, states strive for survival, security and balance of power (Dougherty 2001). Neorealism thus emphasises structural constraints over social perceptions and collective motivations and is more constrained in its explanations of IR. On the other hand, critical theories of international relations would focus on a critical study of IR which would emphasise on origin, development and nature of historical structures of IR. Critical theories of international relations are oriented to critiquing and changing society considering wide perspectives derived from Kantian and Marxian traditions which aim to consider historical and social perspectives within a theory. According to Marxist theories, capital accumulation and explanation of international systems on the basis of such integrated capiatlist approaches is at the focus of socialist concerns. Marxist theories see colonialism as a method of capital accummulation as captive markets show new forms of dependence on more developed countries. Marxist theories suggest that developed countries penetrate developing countries with missionaries, military power, multinational companies and political advisors to integrate these economies into a larger capitalist system. Within the context of developing societies being exploited considering their markets, natural resoruces and raw materials, Marxist theories also use the concept of social class with individuals comprising of the higher class of society being exploitative of the lower class using the sole aim of capital accumulation (Linklater 1990, Burchill 1996). Another critical theory would be social constructivism which gives an epistemological dimension to postpositivist theories and lies in between positivist and postpositivist perspectives. Social constructivism focuses not on the economic aspects, unlike Marxism but on the theory of social ideas or perception showing that international structure constitutes identities and interests of state. The focus of social constructivism is on the state and actions of the state and as constructvism suggests that views and ideas are constructed, social constructivism deals with human experience and social perception. Social constructivism is of the contention that all knowledge of reality including race and gender are actively created by social relationships and interactions and that all meaning are derived from social structures (Brown, 2001, Taylor 1978). The emphasis is thus on society, social meaning and social activity giving meaning to social interactions and reality. Critical constructivism would argue that all proof or fact as seen in empirical research as in natural sciences could be considered as a social or

See the attachment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

See the attachment - Research Paper Example According to Apple, the stringent measures have been introduced to shore up security. Online insecurity has been on the rise. Many unsuspecting persons have been swindled of thousands of dollars. Therefore, the decision by Apple to improve users’ security details is a step in the right direction. However, this move may not be as effective as hyped. Hackers are intelligent people who cannot be stopped by ordinary security questions. In fact, by issuing users with backup email addresses to use in case their primary addresses are compromised, they have indicated that a security breach is still possible. Apple faces a formidable legal challenge from Australia over the branding of its new 4G iPad. The iPad is not compatible with Australia’s 4G networks, and its launch in the market has been met with criticism and objections from the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission. According to the Commission, Apple should not use the term 4G, as the iPad does not support available 4G network. Apple labeled its tablets as "iPad Wi-Fi + 4G." This was a sales strategy, as 4G is the latest broadband with the highest speed known today. The commission’s contention is that many consumers are misled to purchase the gadgets with high expectations, yet their performance capabilities are not achievable given local network capabilities. In summary, the consumers purchase the â€Å"4Gs,† but end up with 3G performance. A series of negotiations between Apple and the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission has led to drastic measures such, advertisements warning consumers of the incompatibility and refunds to persons who had purchased the products. However, there is still contention regarding the use of the term 4G. Apple’s products contravene consumer rights. It is true that there is no malice in Apple’s 4G advertisement. However, consumers deserve and have a right to satisfactory quality. Additionally, any product sold to consumers must fit their

To what extent is it fair to characterise delegated legislation as a Essay

To what extent is it fair to characterise delegated legislation as a practical necessity that undermines important constitutional principles - Essay Example This paper first gives a quick rundown on the constitution of the United Kingdom and the place of delegated legislation in it vis-à  -vis the concepts of separation of powers and parliamentary sovereignty. Only then will it start exploring delegated legislation beginning with its definition, its rationale, its types and controls, when it is considered invalid, and finally its advantages. Next would be the problems associated with delegated legislation, particularly its relevance to Montesquieu’s theory; and its disadvantages as legislation. Another section on its being a practical necessity would follow, and then a conclusion. Towards the end, the paper will make a stand and show that while delegated legislation may be a practical necessity that may undermine important constitutional principles, the extent will only be when proper checks and balances are provided. The constitution of the United Kingdom is an amalgam of statute law, precedent, and tradition dating as far back to the time of King Henry I in the 1100s.1 Uncodified, UK’s constitution is said to have been historically guided by certain conventions like a system of checks and balances which protect citizens against the abuse of executive power, respect for the liberties of the individual, and trust in the political process.2 Over the years, constitutional conventions have been considered more important than written constitutional provisions in interpreting one’s task with the uncodified constitution 3 The informal nature of the UK constitution may be said to inherently welcome the lack of constitutionalism concept. The executive is drawn from the legislature, Parliament, since the UK has a Parliamentary system of government.4 Because the government is â€Å"fused" with Parliament, governments have no formal control on their legislative power. In 1976, in fact, the phrase

Information Needs for the AIS Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Information Needs for the AIS - Case Study Example However, changes in the technology of production in a company may necessarily not need be preceded by a change managing of information systems concerning accounting management. Importantly any firm seeking to undertake a change in accounting management systems has to evaluate critically evaluate and settle on an alternative that best solves the problems at hand (Allahyari & Ramazani, 2011). The reason is that the management accounting systems (MAS) conditions depend on the degree to which the causes of change are known to the organization as well as their indicators. Therefore, any hurried change in accounting management in response to technological changes in the manufacturing department could have a serious security risk to an extent of comprising the integrity and security of any data involved in the accounting management 2. The second misinformation is that new information technology guarantees improved accounting management in a company. While IT is a critical tool in accounting management in many firms purchasing and installation of systems and personnel to implement, IT strategies might not be enough to a company. This is because, the integrity of the systems and process depend on those operating the systems and the value that these systems have to the organization in question (De Marco et al., 2012). For instance, there is a high dependency on the ethics and personal responsibility in ensuring effective use of IT systems, a factor that has to be considered in rolling out such systems. For a firm to benefit fully from IT facilities and services in accounting there has to be effective IT governance, proper information system strategies, vision, IT strategic alignment to the strategic vision and mission of the organization (De Marco et al., 2012). 3. Cybercrimes and cyber-attacks are commons resources that only require government intervention to solve. The increasing cases of cyber-attacks in accounting departments and have led industry players to call

Advatages of using java programing language Essay

Advatages of using java programing language - Essay Example As such, several computer program languages were developed around that time. Although Java is similar to C++, it has some advantages over C++, such as simplicity. Java can create large applications for one or more computers and can also be used to create applets, which are useful when it comes to creating Web pages. In fact, Java has "exceptional opportunities when it comes to the Web development in terms of simplicity of implementation and speed of execution of the final product" (Masovic et al., 2012). Java is also free and easy to download from the Internet. It would be very difficult to use Java codes that had great effects on computers (Harold, 1997). The advantages of using Java are that it is easy to learn, object-oriented and platform-oriented. The first Java design was meant to be easy to use (Masovic et al., 2012). C++ was developed before Java and as such was used as a guide for Java. Although C++ is very similar to Java, improvements were made in the original design. Chan ges in two components, memory allocation and garbage collection, had contributed greatly to present the simplicity of Java design so that users did not need to worry about the memory. Other characteristics of Java that led to its simplicity were cross-platform compatibility, no cost, portability, and easy to learn (Pravica, 1999). Also, Java is easy to compile and write compared to other programming languages (McKell, 1998). Programmers find that writing Java codes is much easier than other computer languages. For example, many programming experts had realized that shipping C code has, on average, one bug per 55 lines of code (Harold, 1997). Java’s grammar is simple but very similar to C+ and C++. This is a great advantage when networking occurs between several computers. It means that different and distinct programs can run at the same time from different computers in order to carry out a task. (Choudhari, 2012) The designers included automatic memory allocation in Java, whi le in C++ the programmer must allocate the size of the memory. The programmer must also collect the garbage, but in Java the garbage is collected automatically. Java programs can be written once and then run anywhere through the use of an interface (McKell, 1998). The interface is a one class inheritance scheme instead of a multiple inheritance programs that represent the object-oriented program. Object-orientation refers to the ability of a program to simulate real life. The garbage or deleted icons are represented by an icon that mirrors real life usage; for financial usage a mortgage can be considered as an object. Java was intentionally designed as an object-oriented program in order to avoid problems that often become complex when solving inheritance issues in C++. Furthermore, Java allows creation modular programs and reusable code for frequent usage (McKell, 1998). Applets are small modular language applications that can be constructed from Java and are mini-applications that allow a viewer to see animations on a Web page. Interactions between a user and a Web page, such as making short calculations or other types of simple tasks, can be accomplished with Applets. JavaBeans is another component that makes programming easier. JavaBeans can string reusable components together with only a minimum amount of written code (Choudhari, 2012). Java is virtually integrated on almost every operating system and browser because it has platform independence. The Java Virtual Machine (JVM) executes the code of the platform. The JVM is the component that "enforces security policies so that boundaries are in place for what Java can and cannot do; Java runs on all

Report Writing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Report Writing - Assignment Example The suspect was identified as Ricky Moon, a white male, aged 22 years; with a height, 6’; weighing, 192; at the moment he was wearing blue jeans and a ski cap. The officer immediately transported him back to the bank in an attempt of finding witnesses who would help with the suspect identification. Beamer and Katz who were both present during the process of the robbery positively identified the suspect. Following the positive identification, Judge L.C Green gave out a search warrant for the green Ford pickup that was bearing a New York licence TFH 789 and at that time was being driven by Ricky Moon and later found to be registered to the same man. The following items were obtained from the truck; 38 calibre blue steel revolver having serial number of 78695, a 4-inch barrel, black rubber grips, Green money bag, top zipper of First National Bank of New York, a Blue ski cap having eye holes cut within the fabric, a pair of blue jeans with red dye stains, black boots, pump shotgun, brown wood stock having the serial number of 436790 and $5,000 in $100 bills all of this materials were found in the suspects truck and are directly related to the above stated robbery. The witnesses at the crime scene; Frank Beamer and Jo Katz testified that on 20th of January, 2008 at around 1.30 pm a robbery occurred at the First National Bank of New York. The robber who carried out the offence was described as a white man, in blue jeans, wearing black shoes, in his twenties and also wearing a fabric on the head having holes cut in the fabric. Both witnesses stated to have observed that the suspected robber was in possession of two guns and also was wearing a jacket; moreover both added that the man was either in his twenties or early thirties. However there are some of the reported attributes by the two witnesses which are contradicting like Katz reported that the suspect had black hair and blue eyes, whereas Beamer reported the suspect to be having