Three Levels of Consciousness free essay sample

Discuss this statement with reference to Freud’s ideas about the three levels of consciousness, the id, ego and superego, psychosexual stages of development and defence mechanisms. Sigmund Freud is a psychologist that he creates the first psychodynamic theory. This theory described how human’s personality was established and how they were operating, how the internal forces us to do or not do everything. Fred created the theory of the 3 levels of consciousness, psychosexual stage of development and defence mechanisms that described the idea and perspective about human personality. In this synopsis, discussion will be made about the impact of Freud’s theory, how they affect the development of psychology and the concepts of themselves and exploring the reason why the influence of Freud’s theory has declined. Firstly, the three levels of consciousness include id, ego and superego (Diane amp; Sally, 2009) . Fred’s view of how people‘s consciousness levels operate. We will write a custom essay sample on Three Levels of Consciousness or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Ego relates to the idea, thoughts or rational perceptions of human; Superego relates to conscience, morals of human that learn from the society or traditional culture; Id relates to selfish, childish though or immediate gratification of human (Robert, 2001). Those levels of consciousness mutually balance and control each other. There would be negative feeling happened if the id produce some desires, at the same time superego would produce repugnant feeling. People follow the thought of id (desire) and practice it, after that the result is guilty feelings. For example, if id‘s power lost control, people would like to do something wrong to himself or damage the society. But those levels of consciousness are hard to apply to the people. Especially the id (unconscious) level is hard to find out and prevent it to affect others and the society. Because the unconscious of human usually discover by a Clinical Psychologist, that they hypnotize the patient to get the result. A personality development also relate to parenting style, environment and social culture. In different parenting pattern, several types of personality could be train to the children. In different conditions people can grow their children to be what they want, they would use their own style. For example, a liberal family which allow their children to do whatever they want compare to a tradition family which are authority to control their children to do everything. The children in these two groups would be developed totally different. The levels of consciousness theory cannot fit in several conditions of different culture. It only generally describe a people’s consciousness may work like that. Freud discovered this theory by his work as he worked with the mental illness people. These patients were different that they were accepting to the treatment. Freud had not found any ‘normal’ person to text. This is difficult to imagine the terms in this theory. Secondly, defence mechanisms theory described about the protection of human being to avoid neglect feeling-anxiety (James, p504). It is a reaction pattern that coping with the problems. And there are lots coping forms of defence mechanism such as repression, rationalization, displacement, reaction formation, sublimation, projection and regression (James, 2010). When human beings face different problem and issues in daily life, they will use different method protect them to avoid anxiety. For example, when a student asks a professor to give him extension for doing assignment, the professor refuses. So the student kicks down the rubbish bin and speak some aggressive words. In this case, the student uses displacement to respond to his situation. He tries to put his anger from study to hit a rubbish bin. Defence mechanisms describe that displacement is diverting behaviour or thought away from its natural target toward a less threatening target. Freud created the defence mechanisms theory by his personal experience. When his daughter Anna was growing up, Freud discovered that Anna’s reaction to several difficulties in her daily life which had a fixed method. After his observation of Anna’s reaction he created the theory of defence mechanisms (James, 2010) . However every human being is individual and unique. There are lots of reasons to affect the children’s behaviour, like environment, parenting style, social culture. So defence mechanisms only briefly describe unique event may show that people’s mind but not the real meaning or their personality. Fred’s perspective of the reaction of people protect themselves is too negative that he thinks human being selfish. In other word Freud mentioned that the defence mechanisms theory help people to avoid the anxiety to protect them not to be emotional or depression. According to his theory, if one people face some trouble in their life, they will use different patterns avoid the damage. So the unhappiness or pressure of them would be transformed to others people or activities. For example, someone wanted to apply a job which is his favour. However he missed the deadline to apply that he forgot to check the due date of application. So he would give himself an excuse like he did not reality like this job. He used rationalization to prove his action was rational and justifiable. Then he would not get hurt of this event. If the defence mechanisms theory is right, this is hard to explain that people usually remember lots of unhappiness moment in the past. Suppose the defence mechanism was helping people to avoid the crises but this theory have not described when did it fail and why. Thirdly the idea of stage of psychosexual development describe about the personality is affected by the sexual needs of human as they are child. Stages of Psychosexual development describes that human’s personality is influence by the sexual pleasure in 5 stages. The five stages include oral, anal, phallic, latent and genital stage. The stages of psychosexual development cover the age from birth to puberty onward. (Richard amp; Elizabeth, 1983) . The psychosexual energy would flow to other parts of the body when the child grows. So human have several needs in each stage need to focus and solve. If human can successfully complete the stages of psychosexual development, they would have a health personality. If not, the personality of people would have several issues until the sexual needs have been resolved. Freud believes that everyone have psychosexual pleasure that need to satisfy in each stages. Fred proposed that the behaviour of child reflect that they have the original pleasure need to express. The psychosexual pressure started from stimulation of the mouth to sensation of bowel movement, touching the genitals, supress the psychosexual interest and strong contact with others people. For example, in oral stage human’s sexual interest is focus on their month (the habitat of eating). If the parent did not provide enough stimulation of child’s month, the psychosexual energy would fixate at the oral stage. ‘Someone fixated at this stage continues to receive great pleasure from eating, drinking and smoking and may also have lasting concerns with dependence and independence’ (James, 2010). The Psychosexual development theory is a controversial concept that Fred assumes the sexual need of human being start at that young age. Although this is undeniable that the behaviour on different age of child development could be found, however this is hard to prove the child’s behaviour relate to sexual pleasure. Freud’s idea of fixation at various stages, central to much of his thinking is difficult to test (Grunbaum, 1986; Popper, 1986) . For example, the stages of psychosexual development talks about that when people’s characteristic of being orderliness or sloppiness, it relates to the anal stage and the child might affect by a strict or lenient toilet training. However this is no evidence connecting the people who is orderliness or sloppiness to a toilet training (Fisher amp; Greenberg, 1977) . In other words, the last two stage of psychosexual development is not completed in the theory. The latent period is evidently a product of European culture but it doesn’t appear in all societies. Also the latent and genital stage described a common behaviour like playing with peers of people’s same sex and opposite sex (James, p 503) . but this is no evidence to prove that it relates this is the psychosexual need of human. In phallic stage of early childhood Freud mention that boy would have a sexual attachment to their mother, girls to their fathers, these development call Oedipus and Electra complexes. Freud even recognizes that the child at that age would aggressive urge the same-sex parent. These assumptions are hard to prove so the crises of psychosexual development emphasis on sexual are rejected by many psychoanalysts (Diane, 2009, p26-27). To summarize the stage of psychosexual development, Freud mentions several views to the child’s behaviour to sexual energy. However there is less evidence to prove. In conclusion, Sigmund Freud’s three levels of consciousness, psychosexual stage of development and defence mechanisms theory bring lots of new and brave assumption in the history. The perspectives and theories he had provided are very important to open our eyes. Freud influence extends not only in psychology area, it extent to sociology, literature, art, religion and politics. However his view of human development tends to much more negative and adventurous. Fred’s psychosexual stage of development is not fulfilled but this is a vanguard of psychology. Fred’s theories provide lots of important information and lead the psychologist base on his theory to do their research on human development. Such as Erikson, he created the eight stage of psychosocial development theory is alike to Fred’s psychosexual stage of evelopment. Although Freud’s theory is hard to practice, his ideas of human being still learned by people but not that much. Freud left an indelible mark on human’s psychological development.

Queen of Hearts essays

Queen of Hearts essays "Ive always thought, to provide some light along the way". This quote is in the words of one of the most caring that people need to feel good about themselves and I see my role as offering support to them and devoted ladies of our time. This lady is known to us as Diana, Princess of Wales. Princess Diana possessed every attribute that we consider role models to exhibit. The word icon is defined as one who is the object of great attention and devotion. One who fits this category perfectly is princess Diana. Through Princess Dianas life she over came massive obstacles, incorporated her lifestyle and actions all because of her beliefs, and became universally beloved by many. Princess Diana has encountered many obstacles in her life. Yet, not one of them stopped her from achieving what she truly believed was possible. Princess Diana may not be a hero in the eyes of everyone, but for all the people that she has touched with her kindness and incredible devotion may beg to differ. I dont believe that heroes are the only people who can overcome massive obstacles. To be a good role model may include overcoming a massive obstacle to do the things that make you such a good role model. For Princess Diana overcoming obstacles was definitely something she had to do to fulfill her dreams. Who thought a person could manage being a Princess, wife, mother of two, not to mention all the other jobs that come along with these roles, and at the same time be president or patron of over one hundred charities. Princess Dianas life became entirely devoted to helping people. Heroes are not the only people who make us question our own life. Role models also encourage people to change their life for the better. This is exactly what Princess Diana actions did. She encouraged many people of all nations to change their life for the better. For a person to entirely devote their life to helping others is not what people interpret a ...

Smartphones Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

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ASB'S Framework for Preparation and Presentation of Financial Research Paper

ASB'S Framework for Preparation and Presentation of Financial Statements - Research Paper Example Three more important concepts which are identified by IAS 1 are Prudence, substance over form and materiality. These concepts form the basis of the selection and implementation of the accounting policies. The basic purpose of the framework presented by the IASB is to provide the definition of why the financial statements are required. It also ascertains the qualitative characteristics that eke the process of making the information provided by the financial statements more useful. The framework also elaborates about the basic elements included in the financial statements and the concepts for recognizing and measuring them in financial statements. The general purpose financial statement is required to provide information regarding the financial position including the cash flow and performance of the company. The information provided in the financial statement helps a company in comparing its performance from the last year and supports the management in undertaking important decisions regarding the business. The purpose can only be fulfilled if the financial statements provide information regarding the following aspects of the company. Other information in the notes and related documents help the users in estimation and evaluation of the present and future position of the entity. The framework provided by the IASB addresses the general purpose financial statements prepared by every business entity for addressing the information requirements of a wide range of users in making economic decisions. As the framework addresses the purpose of preparing the general financial reports it may not apply to the special purpose financial reports.  

Lab Chemistry Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Lab Chemistry Paper - Essay Example The substitution reaction always competes with elimination reactions so to prepare Cyclohexanol in good amount, it is essential to suppress the substitution reaction. It is achievable using strong acids such as sulphuric acid whose conjugate base is a poor nucleophiles and running at high temperature to favors elimination. Cyclohexene is a hydrocarbon of formula C6H10. It is as an intermediate in various industrial processes useful in synthesizing other desired molecules. It also helps in the synthesis of maleic acid and it stabilizes high-octane gasoline (Williamson & Katherine, pp123-178). Cyclohexene is not very stable when stored for long exposed to light and air because it readily forms peroxides. Dehydration is the elimination reaction of alcohol; a unimolecular elimination (E1) reaction of an alcohol. This elimination reaction involves the loss of a hydroxyl group (OH‑) from one carbon and hydrogen (H) from the adjacent carbon. The overall effect of this reaction is the loss of a water molecule, resulting in the formation of a ∠-bond of an alkene or an alkyne. Dehydration is therefore the loss of water molecule (Williamson & Katherine, pp173-212). In most cases, dehydration of an alcohol requires the use of an acid catalyst and high temperature. Phosphoric acid (H3PO4) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4) are the most commonly used acid catalysts. When more than one elimination product can be formed, the more substituted alkene becomes the major product, which is obtained by removing a proton from the adjacent carbon that has fewer hydrogens (Schlosser, pp153-189). The more substituted alkene is the major product because it is the more stable alkene; therefore, it has the more stable transition state leading to its formation. Alkenes can also hydrate; that is the addition of water in the presence of an acid catalyst (Williamson & Katherine, pp123-178). The

Flirting And Its Importance To Interpersonal Relationshios English Language Essay

Flirting And Its Importance To Interpersonal Relationshios English Language Essay Interpersonal relationships are an essential part of society and have been ever since the beginning of civilization. In a hostile world, our ancestors formed relationships to guarantee the survival, and as a result passed on the need for camaraderie as a vital part of our physical and emotional structure. One way humans express the need for camaraderie is through flirting. What is flirting? I decided to ask a few college students their definition of flirting. Some of the responses from women include: Expressing interest or attraction to someone in the form of flattery, teasing, or body language., Using natural charm to attract attention from another. A playful way of showing interest., Trying to let someone know that you like them without outright saying it., I think if a guy is talking to you a lot, compliments you a lot, and tries to make himself look good, hes flirting, I would define flirting as a technique used to either show attraction or to make someone more attracted to you.. Here are some of the responses from men: Talking and joking to get to know the other person and subtly commenting on the other persons attractiveness in hopes that the other person will like you either start some kind of relationship or just have fun for a night., Flirting is when someone actively attempts to demonstrate an interest in someone else. It is often misinterpreted and used in order to get things., I would say playfully talking to the other sex trying to attract them to yourself. Reading through the responses you notice common themes about what flirting is and its purpose. To summarize, flirting is letting someone know you are attracted to them (in a sexual matter) by expressing interest through a variety of ways. Looking at the responses, you notice that both genders use flirting with the goal of having the opposite gender feel an attraction towards them. The main focus of this is work is to understand how gender affects the way in which a person expresses and responds to flirting. Literary Review Do a quick Google search on flirting and you will find numerous tips and techniques on how to flirt. A popular mens website, Askmen.com, commonly provides information regarding flirting and how a man is supposed to behave in order to become a success flirt. David Deangelo is a popular correspondent on the website. In article titled, How to flirt with a woman and more ¸ Deangelo responds to a letter from a man who has had some success using the techniques David advocates but still gets a cold shoulder from many women. The man enjoys going to see live bands and this kind of scene is where he frequently attempts to flirt and pick up women. He tells David about a common interaction his has with women at a bar. It goes as follows; man: This band really sucks. woman: Hey, I like this band. man: Oh, Im sorry not for saying that, but because you like this band. The writer is using a technique David is a big proponent of called cocky and funny. Cocky and funny (CF) is a phrased coined by D avid Deangelo and is defined as a mindset or frame a man uses to try to gain attraction from a woman. The idea is for the individual using the method is to act cocky, but yet in a funny way in to increase attraction. In the article, David tells the man that he is doing an ok job with the CF method, but can amplify attraction and stop rejection by following his advice. Deangelo says that saying this band sucks to a total stranger is not funny and can be kind of creepy. He suggests that the man tries this approach instead; man says: Hey, do you like this band?, woman says: Yeah., man says Doesnt surprise me. What, are you the guitar players sister? (askmen) Basically, David is teaching guys what he believes is the best way to flirt and to attract women. He contributes to the socializing of guys by teaching to behave a certain way as it relates to flirting with women. Socialization is the process through individual take on gendered qualities and characteristics and acquire a sense of s elf. (textbook) Cosmopolitan is a popular womens website and magazine. Numerous articles give wisdom and advice to women across world about issues including, relationships and sex, health, careers, self-improvement, celebrities, as well as fashion and beauty. Cosmo also teaches women how to flirt and be successful with any man out there. An article on the website reveals five tips about flirting for all ladies out there. The first tip listed is to put out the vibe, which means for women to show a man she is interested by giving him a sign. According to the article a sign can things like making eye contact and flashing the guy a go ahead, make your move smile. The second tip is to challenge him, which means to be competitive (in a playful way) with man you are going for. Men enjoy being competitive and find it attractive when a girl can be just as competitive. The articles third tip for flirting is to be sort of there for him. Being sort of there for him means not giving him all your time. The articl e says that guys love the thrill of chasing what they think that cant have and argues that its best to treat the amount of time you give your crush like cell phone minutes: use in moderation at first and hell want more (cosmo). The fourth tip is to duck, duck, goose him! This tip says its a good idea to be childish with your crush, punch him and his inner child will be forced to respond. The finally tip is places to meet guys. The places include concerts, gas stations, volunteering, amusement parks, and waiting lines. As with men, women use websites like cosmo as a means of socialization. The previous two paragraphs give a pop culture perspective on flirting. Based on the pop culture view on flirting there are similarities between genders on how a person flirts. However, there are still yet differences as well. One similarity is that men and women alike use flirting to portray a more playful, fun, and attractive self to the person they are interested in. A difference is that men are socialized to take a more active role in initiating flirting. Men are taught to approach women and start the conversation. Women are socialized to use more none verbal cues to initiate flirting, as illustrated in the Cosmo article were the author tells women to flash him a go ahead, make your move smile smile. Over the past 30 years attraction and interpersonal relationships has been studied numerous. A publication by Antonia Abbey in 1982 brought awareness to the idea that men generally interpret the world in more sexual terms then women. Men are more likely to misperceive a womens friendliness while flirting as the women being interested sexually. This can lead to potentially catastrophic consequences. Abbeys researched looked at the role of several nonverbal cues in the perceptions about flirting including: distance, eye contact, touch, and clothing. Most of the research confirmed that men were more likely to perceive an interaction with women in more sexual terms. In 1988, Shotland and Craig looked at whether men and women could distinguish between friendly versus sexual behavior, as well as whether men were more likely to attribute sexual intent then females. Flirting can be defined as both friendly and sexual behavior. The research is relevant to understanding how gender affects the way a person flirts. The pair found that, not only could men and women differentiate between the two types of behaviors, but in addition corresponded with the Abbeys research regarding male perceptions of sexual intent. Pamela Kalbfleisch states beliefs about flirting represent key aspects of an individuals mental model concerning male and female relations and sexual encounters. Little research has been done on the topic on flirting, however Kalbfeisch believes there are three commonly held cultural beliefs about flirting. The first belief is flirting as a common fun. This is the type of flirting that is overwhelmingly represented throughout pop culture. The second belief is flirting as reflecting uncontrollable sexual urges. Kalbfleisch states that this is the kind of flirting that is reflected in pornography. The final belief is flirting as invitation. Kalbfleisch statest that this type is reflected in sexists beliefs that men should be the gender who takes action when they believe women are flirting with them. In addition, this includes the belief that women simply want men to sweep them off their feet, and so on. According to Kalbfleish, friendly (normal behavior interactions), flirtatious, and seductive behaviors are closely associated with nonverbal behavioral cues (body language). The nonverbal cues are kinesics (movement), haptics (touch), proxemics (distance), oculesics (eye movement), and vocalic (voice). Kinesics includes the study of the body movements such as smiling and body postures and are gestures seen as indicators of flirtatious behaviors, as well as friendly and seductive behaviors. Medium to large amounts of smiling is associated with flirtatious behaviors. In addition, flirting behavior is described by the use of childlike expressions, like open mouth pouting and head tilting. Haptics includes the study of the use of touch as a means of communication, particularly by indicating the nature of the relationship. According to Kalbfleish, moderates amount of touch indicates a flirtatious interaction. To compare, friendly behaviors have little to no touch and behaviors like touching the hand or leg represents seductive behavior. Proxemics includes the study of amount of personal distance between individuals and also varies depending on the kind of interaction. Generally, people who lean toward each other and are at a similar body angle are seen as being more seductive than those people who lean away from one another. Flirtatious behavior is described as individuals crossing their legs toward each other and having more face to face contact. Oculesics includes the study of the amount and type of eye contact and movements a person displays during an interaction with someone. Flirtatious behavior is characterized as using moderate degrees of eye contact. In addition, flirtatious behaviors include shy looks downward. Vocalics includes the study of the use of voice as being one the biggest indicators of the kind of interaction. Flirtatious behaviors use animated speech (Muehlenhard et al., 1986), as well as moderate amounts of laughter (Coker and Burgoon, 1987; Perper and Weis, 1987), reduced silences and increased warmth and interest (Coker and Burgoon, 1987). The research on nonverbal behavior cues stated above is important to understanding how gender affects the way a person expresses and responds to flirting. Because men and women interpret interactions with one another differently, body language will help me determine the type of interaction that is taking place during my observations.

Principles of Safeguarding and Protection in Health and Social Care Essay

1. Knowing how to recognise signs of abuse 1.1. Define the different types of abuse There are many different types of abuse that are usually classifed in 5 main headings. These include: Physical Physical abuse is the act of a person making contact with someone to intentionally caus pain, harm or injury Sexual Sexual abuse is forcing sexual contact or bhaviour, towards a person who doesnt give consent. In some cases people are deemed unable to consent due to age or mental health. Psychological Psychological abuse is where a person is subjected to mentally stressing situations whic causes motional distress. Abusive realationships are a prime example of psychological abuse where there is an imbalance of power and the abuser has control. Finanical Finanical abuse is where an indvidual tries to take control or gain access to anothers finanances illegally and without the persons consent. Institutional Institutional abuse is the mistreatment of a person within a care environment. Usually due to lack of staff training and unacceptable standards of service. Self – neglect Self – neglect is where a person does not care for their basic needs, such as their basic hygine. People who self – neglect regularlly put themselves at risk of harm or place themselves in dangerous situations. Neglect by others Neglect is where a person responsible for the care needs of another fails to meet their needs. This is usually because they do not relise the importance of giving the care that is needed or they choose not to. 1.2. Identify the signs and symptoms associated with each type of abuse. Physical The potential signs for physical abuse can include: Fractures and dislocation multiple bruising in well-protected areas of the body scratches or cut pressure ulcers, sores or rashes black eyes or bruising to ears welt marks scalds or cigarette burns a history of falls, injuries or a history of accidental overdose unable to provide an explanation consistant to their injuries clinical intervention without any clear benefit to the person deteriouration of health without an obvious cause loss of weight inappropriate, inadequate or soiled clothing withdrawal or mood changes carer’s resistance to allow people to visit reluctanc to be left alone with the alleged abuser Sexual The physical signs of sexual abuse are bruises, scratched, burns or bite marks to the body scratches, abrasions or persistent infections in the genital regions pregnancy recurrant genital or urinary infections blood or marks on underwear abdominal pains with no diagnosabl cause As well as the physical signs their can also be behavioural signs which act as an indicator of sexual abuse, these can include: provocative sexual behaviour or promiscuity prostitution sexual abuse of others self-injury or self-distructive behaviour such as alcohol and drug abuse or repeated suicide attempts. behaviour that invites further exploitation disappearing from a home environment aggression, anxiety or fearfulness reluctance to be left alone with the alleged abuser frequent masterbation refusal to undress for activities such as swimming or bathing Psychological The potential indicators for psychological abuse can include: refusal to be left alone with the alleged abuser carer seems to ignore the person’s needs and presence reports from neighbours of shouting, screaming and swearing Fearful of raised voices, distressed if they feel their in trouble a culture of teasing or taunting which causes distress and humiliation the carer refers to the cared for person in a derogatory way no valuing of basic human rights  cared for person being treated like a child Financial The signs and symptoms that are associated with financial abuse can include: very few or no personal possessions unusual change in spending pattern unexplained shortage of money unexplained disappearance of possessions family regularly asking for money from the persons allowance family unwilling to pay from person’s funds for services they get person not made aware of financial matters enduring power of attorney set up without consulting a doctor where the person is already confused other people taking over person’s property person not being allowed to manage their own financial affairs sudden changes of a will Institutional There are many signs and symptoms of institutional abuse but the key factor to identifying it, is that the abuse is accepted or ignored by the care organisation. Examples of this are: complaints procedures are deliberately made unavailable access to advice and advocacy is restricted or not allowed excessive or inappropriate doses of sedation or medication are given the setting is run for the convenience of the staff privacy and dignity are not respected freedom to go out is limited by the institution refused choices over day-to-day decisions such as mealtimes, bedtimes, what to wear or use the toilet Self-neglect The signs and symptoms of self-neglect can sometimes be hard to recognise as it could be that the person has decided on this lifestyle choice and is happy to live this way. These situations are difficult to make decisions and a balance must be achieved to ensure we don’t remove a person’s ability to choose how they live yet safeguarding and protecting vunerable people. The signs to watch for can include: becoming ill regularly loss of weight being dirty and unwashed wearing soiled clothing an unclean living environment withdrawal from sociaty Neglect by others The signs and symptoms of neglect by others are similar to self-neglect but the person relies on others for their care. For example not given adequate food or given assistance to eat doesn’t get support with personal care and fails to maintain a clean living environment being left alone not supporting communication needs or aiding with mobility failing to maintain medical or health care needs not supporting social contacts 1.3. Describe the factors that may contribute to an individual being more vulenerable to abuse. Every individual is open to abuse and there are many risk factors that can make a person more vulenerable to abuse. However a person may still be abused when no obvious factors are present. Some factors that are known to contribute to the risk of abuse are: poor communication between the person and their carer challenging behaviour by the cared for person young or immature carers carers feeling unable to carry on or strong feelings of frustration person and their carer have a history of a troubled relationship carer having an alcohol or drug dependancy carer believing that the person is being deliberately difficult or ungrateful carer not taking on the roll of carer willingly and had to make big lifestyle changes carer having more than one care responsibilities person being violent towards carer carer having disturbed sleep both person and carer being socially isolated financial or housing pressures delays to provide support no family support or contact 2. Know how to respond to suspected or alleged abuse. 2.1.Explain the actions to take if there are suspicions that an individual is being abused. If you suspect an individual of being abused it is important that you speak to the individual and allow them to be open with you. Listen to the individual and do not judge their word. Try to establish what it is that has occurred without asking any leading questions. Reassure the individual that they are being taken seriously and that you will help them to make it stop. Ensure that the facts are recorded on the appeopriate paperwork and is signed and dated; making sure to report the incident to a senior member of staff. 2.2 Explain the actions to take if an individual alleges that they are being abused. When an individual speaks out about abuse it is important to take the allegations seriously. Reassure them that they can tell you everything and you’ll do everything in your power to help it stop. Make a written account of what has been said making sure to include only the facts and not your own opinions. Sign and date the paperwork and report it to senior members of  staff for them to take the matter further. 2.3 Identify ways to ensure that evidence of abuse is preserved. to record the facts immediately making sure to sign and date the paperwork record any physical signs of abuse using a body map, try to describe the injuries size, shape and colour try not to tamper with any evidence unless you have to for the wellbeing of the individual if you have to touch anything, record what you have done report the evidence to senior members of staff immediately 3. Understand the national and local context of safeguarding and protection from abuse 3.1 Identify national policies and local systems that relate to safeguarding and protection from abuse. Both nationally and locally the protection of vulnerable adults forms part of the safeguarding adults agenda. Local boards are responsible for delivering a multi-based agency to respond to the safeguarding of adults. They are also responsible for conducting Serious Case Reviews when someone has died as a result of abuse. Nationally there are legislations that provide the basis for dealing with vulnerable adults that are being abused. Such as the Care Standards Act 2000, Safe guarding vulnerable groups act 2006 and the Mental healt act 1983. 3.2 Explain the roles of different agencies in safeguarding and protecting individuals from abuse. Many different agencies are responsible for safeguarding and protecting individuals from abuse this is to ensure that abuse if easyer to be found, recorded and report to the right authorities. These agencies include: Medical professionals such as GP, hospital staff, nurses, docors etc. They can examine, diagnose & treat abuse, they will record all evidence including photographic evidence. An Expert Witness such as paediatris, geriatrics, psychiatrics etc can report evidence of abuse The local authority would  carry out an assessment of needs, through social workers. This would assess the risks of abuse for the individual The Safeguarding Team, within Social Services investigates & ensures safety and will work with other agencies such as police. A Safeguarding & Protection Officer would lead the Adult Protection Alert. The Police will investigate and prosecute abusive cases, they will work with other agencies, to provide support to victims and raise awareness of abuse. Care Quality Commission regulate & inspect care providers, ensuring that safeguarding policies are being adhered to. Independent care homes, following safeguarding policies, to safeguard & protect vulnerable people before employment commences, including CRB checks 3.3 Identify reports into serious failures to protect individuals from abuse. The biggest example of failures to protect individuals from abuse would be the report by the Care Quality Commission on the services provided at Winterbourne View. Despite a senior nurse alerting the care home’s management and the CQC on several occasions about cases of abuse, his concerns were failed to be followed up. CQC inspectors found that the home had failed to ensure people under the care of Winterbourne View were adequately protected from risk CQC also added that the home failed to meet standards required by law such as: managers did not report majors incidents to the CQC planning and delivery of care did not meet individual needs  they did not have robust systems to assess and monitor the quality of services they have not responded to, or considered complains about the service investigation into the conduct of staff was not robust and didn’t safeguard individuals they didn’t take steps to identify the risks of abuse or to avoid abuse happening they ignored allegations of abuse and did not respond appropriatly they did not have steps in place to protect individuals from abuse used exessive use of restrait staff were inexperienced and untrained to deal with the individuals in their care 3.4 Identify sourses of information and advise about own role in safeguarding and protecting individuals from abuse. There are many ways to access information on safeguarding and protecting individuals from abuse such as national polices and proceedures, individual care plans, local authorities polices and proceedures, training in areas such as safeguarding and information from management. 4. Understanding ways to reduce the likelihood of abuse. 4.1 Explain how the likelihood of abuse may be reduced by: working with person centered values encouraging active participation promoting choices and rights Ensuring that the individual maintains the right to make choices for themselves. That they are confident and have a vision of self worth to help individuals feel less vulnerable towards abuse. Understanding that they have a choice to be heard and knowing that they can share anything and that information will be taken seriously will reduce the likelihood of abuse taking place. Active participation builts self esteem, refusing to tolerate abuse and be more likely to report it. 4.2 Explain the importance of an accessable complaints proceedure for reducing the likelihood of abuse. When the complaints proceedure is clear and easily accessable an indivdual is more likely to report an incident of abuse and abusers will be more likely be investigated on their behaviour. Knowing this would make them less likely to abuse. Individuals that are vulnerable to abuse will feel protected and empowered to report any incidences of abuse. 5. Know how to recognise and report unsafe practices 5.1 Describe unsafe practices that may affect the well-being of individuals. In a care setting unsafe practies that affect the well-being of individuals could include: Staff shortages Staff feel pressured to cut corners due to lack of time and for example may not wait to ensure that medication has been taken properly Staff are unsure of the individual’s correct needs and then don’t deliver the right care the individual needs Lack of training for all staff could lead to poor moving and handling of an individual Inexperienced staff in a senior role Lack of correct equipment or equipment is broken or unavailable puts the individual act risk of harm 5.2 Explain the actions to take if unsafe practices have been identified Staying in line with policies and proceedures we have to ensure that the safety of the individual is protected and away from any risks. Report everything to senior management and write down what is suspected and why on appropriate paperwork and try to preserve the evidence of the practices without endangering others. 5.3 Describe the action to take if suspected abuse or unsafe practices have been reported but nothing has been done in response. If nothing has been done in response to reporting to a senior member of staff, the deputy manager or home manager should be informed. If again noting happens the local safeguarding authorities such as council, police or other agencies should be contacted to invested the matter further. The CQC should also be contact about the matter. Keeping all information that has been reported written down with times and dates of the unsafe practices,when they orginally reported and to who you reported it to.

Mary Shelley’s novel Essay

There are few writers in world literature whose heroes have become common names and are used in the every day life of people from different cultures. Among the limited number of such lucky creators is Mary Shelley who has written at quite a young age in 1818 her everlasting â€Å"Frankenstein†. Despite this fact the novel is extremely persuasive and intriguing, having the full range of features which show a mature author’s experience. The publishing of the story immortalises her. The fame which the book brings transcends borders and time. They are the best verification of the monster’s suggestion after the death of the ambitious doctor: â€Å"and when I shall be no more the very remembrance of us both will speedily vanish†. This modest supposition proves not to be true. At least his ominous silhouette remains in the mind overloaded with information. All our readers’ attention being absorbed, we do not notice how we transfer the name of Dr Frankenstein over to the fruit of his scientific work. Actually the monster he creates so diligently is left unnamed and is mistakenly called after his creator. It is quite common to find the name â€Å"Frankenstein† associated with clumsy and ugly creations of other authors or in everyday conversations. It has taken on its own life and very often is utilised to mean any fictional human-like monster. It is important to note the first â€Å"meeting† with the word â€Å"Frankenstein† in each person’s life. This is completely possible to be through Roald Dahl’s story â€Å"James and the Giant Peach†. The author employs the famous name in a rhymed conversation between the two aunts of the little boy. They abuse each other using insulting expressions. One of them contains the imagery â€Å"you would make a lovely Frankenstein†. This is the way we usually associate the title of Shelley’s book. There may be some exceptions not to include the impressive name but to invoke some similarity with the appearance of the character. In the popular TV comedy, â€Å"The Adams Family† for example, the butler â€Å"Lurch† is obviously modelled on this creature but the producers do not repeat the widespread error of calling him â€Å"Frankenstein†. The topicality of Mary Shelley’s book comes not only with the mentioning of its title in any context. It has deeper relations with a lot of features of contemporary life as it raises issues of complex politics of human desire. We can discover the author’s insight in tackling the burning problems from our lives: accountability – especially in the medical, farming and militarily industries; social alienation – including criminals and prisoners, refugees, orphans or adopted children dilemmas; the nature of life itself. The choice of subtitle is not accidental. â€Å"The Modern Prometheus† relates to the infusion of life (fire) into a non-living thing. The charitable action of the chained Titan from Greek mythology has provided a lot of motivation in all the arts. Taking inspiration from Byron’s suggestion of writing ghost stories, Mary Shelley explores an area which relates to all scientists dreams: the achievement of artificial life. This is the overriding purpose of the efforts of her main hero whose name gives the title to the novel. In his childhood Victor Frankenstein had been amazed by electricity. He had seen its effect on a â€Å"beautiful oak† struck by a dazzling stroke of lightning. Later the young doctor shares this experience with his friend – Arctic explorer Robert Walton. It is clear that the new phenomenon deeply excites the inventive imagination of the experimenter, just like Mary Shelley herself endures before the science. Obviously both competition in her circle of friends and her growing interest in the unveiling of nature’s secrets have fired the imagination of the talented woman. She has been aware of the contemporary physician Dr Erasmus Darwin’s and the chemist Sir Humphry Davy’s researches, and probably has been excited by feelings similar to those we have today when cloning or Genetic Modification of food is argued about. If we think over the threatening cost of breaking the food chain, a series of dangerous pictures can form in front of our eyes. Unfortunately, under the cover of caring for humans and creating more food we are stepping into the unknown where there may be lurking serious and unpredictable risks. The writer comes to the idea for the development of an extraordinary character in order to show where arrogant medical and biological approaches could lead. In her vision for the future she is very close to the plots used in films about military projects. The spreading of diseases from hidden hospital laboratories is akin to the escaping of the monster from Frankenstein’s workshop. The contemporary world is even under greater threat from the production and storage of nuclear weapons. Experimentation with them, and even their very existence, reminds us of Shelley’s warning of what could happen in case of failure. The artificial hero, to whom she gives intelligence, is probably the first in the search for similar images in world literature. In the modern times her example is repeated in the construction of electronic humanlike machines. All languages are enriched by the word â€Å"robot† introduced by Karel Capek in his â€Å"RUR† play. The abbreviation for Rosumove Universalne Roboty could be translated as â€Å"sensible universal work†. For the last word Capek uses an old lexeme which is not in contemporary Czech but exists in other Slavonic languages.

Centertop00 Essays - Electric Power Distribution, Electricity Market

Centertop00 Essays - Electric Power Distribution, Electricity Market centertop00 Who are we? Barr Towers are Australia's premier energy provider. Since the market deregulated, Barr Towers has emerged as the key player and has recorded year on year growth. Although competitors have come and gone, Barr Tower's focus on customer service has ensured that although their prices might be higher, people still want to have their energy supplied by Barr Towers. Barr Towers currently provides electricity and gas for 5 million Australian customers. They currently employ 2,500 people across 3 different offices in Melbourne. Barr Towers is owned and operated by Nick Barr. Barr started the company through the funds he made modelling. As a well-known Australian, Barr has become synonymous with a stable Australian economy. What do we do? Barr Towers is primarily focused on selling electricity and gas to their consumers. Barr Towers employs people to design their product lines (e.g. solar, electricity, gas plans), market their product lines (create ads) and then sell them to the customer (call centre). Separate call centres are used to call potential customers; call customers who are leaving us and we are trying to win back; and act as customer service representatives to assist customers with any issues they might encounter. Barr Towers takes pride in their one on one interactions, investing heavily in its customer service workforce. Future Strategy Barr Towers are currently looking at opening up in the recently deregulated Japanese electricity market. Although they have the capital to enter this market, they are worried that their service model will cost to much to run in Japan. In saying this, they are unsure that their model will be sustainable in the future in Australia either. In order to prepare for the entry into the Japanese market, Barr Towers are looking at ways to reduce their cost to serve customers. The board realise this is an issue moving forward and are looking for an innovative solution. They understand that they cannot continue Business as Usual (BAU) and expect a different result. They have assembled your team to look at the problems facing the business and where they should go into the future. Word on the street is that they have had a team from Microsoft pitch a new idea to them which will help with this. Although they don't have much for you now, they will try and send you as many materials as they can get their hands on and also give you some time with some senior executives. For now, they have a couple of key challenges for you. Key Challenges There are currently some major issues faced by Barr Towers. Location of offices Currently there are three offices in Melbourne that house the employees. A recent report by Deloitte has shown that Barr Towers looses 95 minutes of productivity per employee per week due to them walking between buildings. Second, as they are not near stations, employees walk 15 minutes to and from the station every morning. The board believes that if the office was closer to the station, employees would still catch the same train and arrive at work earlier and stay later. High cost to serve Although a major differentiator in the market, Barr Towers reliance on customer service teams are increasing their cost to serve. With a push to have call centres open on weekends, Barr Towers are worried about the potential costs of paying staff a casual wage and still making margins on electricity. The weekend wage of a casual employee is $35.50 and on a weekday it is $21.60 Unsure of preparation to enter Japan The market is there for the taking and Barr Towers aren't there yet. They need a clear plan of how much it is going to cost to get into the Japanese market and if it is worth it. Lack of collaboration The key issue that Barr Towers are worried about is the lack of collaboration between their staff. The teams do not talk, they do not interact and many people don't venture off their floor, let alone their office. Nous Group did a workplace audit and believed it was an issue with a lack of collaboration spaces. People were at the same desks they had spent their careers at. There were limited

Sweden 1600-1700 essays

Sweden 1600-1700 essays In the period between 1600 and 1700, Sweden saw its fortunes rise and fall. It went from a sparsely populated medieval country to a great European power and finally ended up as a country with great influence within its own region . Some historians even call the 17th century the Swedish Great Power Period. There were both internal and external reasons for Swedens rise to power and eventual fall. Before 1612 Sweden was a country where most of the population were farmers, the country was threatened by Denmark, Swedens army and navy were very small, the country had no universities and very little trade with other countries. Gustavus Adolphus became king when he was only 17 and by the time he died in the battlefield in 1632, he had turned Sweden into a great power. In the middle of the 16th century, when the German Order State fell apart, Sweden, Denmark, Russia, and Poland fought for control over territories in the Baltic area. Sweden took control of the northern part of Estonia. This was the beginning of a very expansive foreign policy that even included settlements in America. During this time Sweden took advantage of the chaos in Russia, because of their Civil War. When a peace treaty was signed, new territories were added to the Finnish part of Sweden. Many countries were anxious to take control of the Baltic States because they wanted to have control of the important customs revenues from trading between Russia and Western Europe. King Gustav II Adolf realized that it would be very difficult to control the northern route so he concentrated on the Baltic Sea. When he was able to get control of the important harbor cities in Polish Prussia the new customs revenues were over 25% of the Swedish state income. There were also internal factors that helped Sweden become a great power: Sweden had a well managed economy, growing domestic iron and weapons industry, and a well governed state. The exter...

Constuiton and Criminal Law Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Constuiton and Criminal Law - Research Paper Example Civil cases, moreover, involve persons and groups seeking to resolve lawful disagreements. In an illegal case, the state, using the prosecutor, instigates the suit, whereas in a public case the casualty brings the suit. People convicted of a crime may be confined, fined, or both. Though, persons found legally responsible in a civil case may just have to relinquish property or forfeit money, but are not confined (Siegel, 2010). What is a Crime? A crime is any omission or act in desecration of a civic law threatening or commanding it. Despite the fact that there are a number of common law crimes, majority of the crimes in the United States are made by the state, local, and federal regimes. Criminal laws differ clearly from one state to another. There is still a Model Penal Code that works as a good beginning place to have a knowhow of the fundamental structure of criminal legal responsibility. Crimes consist of both felonies that are more solemn offenses like, rape or murder and misdem eanors that are less solemn offenses like, jaywalking or petty theft. ... All statutes unfolding criminal activities can be divided into their diverse elements. Most offences with the exemption of strict-liability crimes comprise of two basics: an act and a mental state. Prosecutors have to provide evidence of each and every constituent of an offense to yield a conviction. In addition, the prosecutor must prove to the judge or jury beyond a reasonable uncertainty of every verity necessary to make up the crime charged. In public cases, the petitioner needs to prove that a defendant is legally responsible only by more than 50% or a preponderance of the evidence (Gardner & Anderson, 2006). Murder, Violence and Property Crimes The detailed US violent crime rate comprise of only aggravated physical attack, while the Canadian violent crime rate comprise all sorts of physical attack, as well as the much more numerous physical attack level 1, which is physical attack not using a weapon and not leading to severe bodily harm. Crimes against property comprises of bre aking and entering to people’s houses and getting away with their properties without assault. According to a survey done in 2004 by the Bureau of Justice Statistics, from the year 1981 to 1999, the United States had a lesser surveyed housing burglary level in 1998 than Australia, Canada, Scotland and England. Treason, Terrorism, and Wartime Criminal Justice In the account of the United States, the acts of terrorism, sedition, and criminal justice in times of war took on different forms. From the treason Act of 1798 to the present warfare on terror, the bill and its alterations have been challenged to guarantee national defense. To comprehend this it is better

Discussion 13 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Discussion 13 - Essay Example Inheritance of variation (that made the previous generation successful) by the offspring further strengthen their chances of successful survival. According to Darwin, these modifications multiply in the inhabitants, thereby changing the entire population and such change is the evolution ("Charles Darwin & Evolution"). Considering the fact that more progeny is an indication of better genetic pool, however, it does not hold true in the case of human population. Human population far outnumber any other species of the planet. As resources are limited on the planet to meet the demands of the escalating population, a check mechanism has to be implemented in the form of less progeny. This will aid in better chances of survival of humans together with other plant and animal species on the planet and prevent the occurrence of other natural disasters in the form of global warming, landscapes, earthquakes, pollution of land, air, water and episodes of various dreaded diseases such as swine flu. Hence augmentation in human population is not