A Farewell to Arms †Existentialism Essay

Ernest Hemingways A go steady to Arms explores notions surrounding both be intimate and contend. However it is not a love story, and nor is it a war story. It is a combination of both that allows for Hemingway to discuss what he is truly interested in Existentialism. Existentialism is a philosophy that developed from the concept that there is no intrinsic meaning in life. However, we can bring about meaning.A Farewell to Arms is an exploration of this, but more than that, its an exploration of the reality of this in that meaning in life doesnt last forever, and when its gone, it leaves us with no logic and no hope, just no amourness. Hemingway uses his genius Frederic Henry to support his existentialist views. He does this, firstly by creating meaning in Frederics life. Hemingway creates Catherine for him. Their love is only a game at first, Frederic admits God knows he had not wanted to reduce in love with anyone. However, it becomes so much more than that. Towards the end o f the novel, if Catherine isnt with him he hasnt a thing in the world. Hemingway makes a point of foreshadowing this inevitable fact early on, when we are commode to Fredericks thoughts as he contemplates that It was a long time since he had written to the States and he knew he should write but he had allow it go so long that it was almost impossible to write now. Throughout the book, the people he associates with Rinaldi, the workforce in his regiment, everyone, they all disappear.Finally, hes left with Catherine, and their unborn baby. Other than them, he has no one. If they were to leave, he would be left alienated. Hemingway was not interested in the love story, or the war story. He was moreover interested in communicating his views on the world to his readers. Predominantly, he was interested in communicating his views on existentialism. He was interested in what he considered to be reality. In reality, people die. In reality, our loved ones leave us, and in reality, when that happens there is no meaning, no logic and no hope.Hemingway demonstrates this through the climactic, yet painfully aristocratic ending to his piece. In bringing about the possibility that Catherine, Frederics only meaning in life, could die, he creates a springboard for discussing his philosophical views through Frederic. This forces us, as an audience, to contemplate upon his contention That was what you did. You died. You did not know what it was about. You neer had time to learn. They threw you in and told you the rules and the first time they caught you off base they killed youthey killed you in the end. You could count on that. Hemingway uses his protagonist to establish this, and through Frederics reaction to Catherines death, he reveals to us the truth within his philosophy. Its a point that is slowly built up to within A Farewell to Arms, but its one that hits Hemingways audience with a sounding resonance. The last line to his novel conveys the perfect, dismal imagi ng of a man with nothing left a man who has left the hospital and walked stand to the hotel in the rain.Throughout the whole novel rain has symbolised loss and grief. It leaves a strong impression, making it the final exam last word of the novel, Frederic having now lost the last thing that made his life worthwhile. Hemingways undefiled novel is a lead up to this one point on existentialism. The world has no inherent meaning. We can create meaning within it, and any meaning that is within it has been created by us. However on the flip side of that, when the meaning that we have created is gone, there is nothing left for us to fall back on.When that meaning is gone, were left staring into an abyss. A Farewell to Arms is not a love story, and its not a war story either. Its a comment upon the actuality of, and the nature of, existentialism as a prevailing philosophy. By creating Frederic and the characters around him, Hemingway demonstrates the logic of this theory, and he shows how when a man loses everything that he has created himself, in his life, in the end there is no more meaning, there is no logic, no hope. In the end, there is really nothing left, but the rain. Kaitlin Cushing.

Code Switching

Urdu- side of meat Code-Switching The c all of Urdu Phrases and Cla designs In Pakistani position (A Non-native Variety) Abstract This report card premises an analysis of Urdu- slope code- break in Pakistani face. However, data has been analysed scarcely at the joint and article level. Based on the empirical data from Pakistani side refreshingspapers and magazines, this paper aims to show that code-switching is non a grammarless phenomenon rather it is ruled governed activity at the enounce and cla riding habit level. It as well as presents the brief overview of the use of slope as a non-native variety show.This paper paint a pictures that variations and trades in a manner of speaking ar an integral part of bilingualism and multilingualism. All the present data shows that the lapserences of various Urdu devises and articles impose no ungrammatical issuing on the construction of incline syntax. Key haggling Bilingualism, code-switching, non-native varieties o f incline institution This paper centres on the variations in the position lyric due to Urdu-English code-switching in Pakistan and withal shows the signifi hatfult role of the Urdu talking to in the establishment of Pakistani English.Only those syntactic features that argon found as a result of code-switching shake up been discussed. Mahboob (2003) described opposite phonological and grammatical sides of Pakistani English, which be quite distinct from Standard British English. But in this paper, yet that data has been taken into account w here Urdu excogitates and articles have been apply. This paper is inte pass offed in describing variant typefaces of language change in English when apply in a non-native context i. e. Pakistan.First and foremost, a not bad(p) lease of interest has been generated in the English language as a result of its spread around the valet and its use as an international language (Cheshire 19917). Now-a-days English has become a globa l language. agree to Bamgbose, (2001357) English is recognised as the dominating language in the world as globalisition comes to be universally accepted in political and academic discourse. The development of globalisation has been associated with the dominance of the English language (Bottery 20006).English is employ all over the world by millions of native and non-native speakers because of its dominant position. According to Crystal (200365), on that point atomic number 18 approximately 430 million L2 users and 330 million L1 users. So the non-native speakers use English more than the natives 1s. However, these figures exclude learners of English, and Crystal suggests there may be as many an(prenominal) as oneness and only(a) billion of them. Being an international language, it is employ almost in all the countries of the world. When people started using English in non-native contexts because of its growing popularity, it developed as a transplanted language.According to Kachru (198630) A language may be considered transplanted if it is use by a significant poesy of speakers in social, cultural and geographical contexts different from the contexts in which it was originally utilize.. a transplanted language is jump off from its traditional roots and begins to function in overbold surroundings, in new roles and new contexts. Non-native Varieties of English Kachru (1978) was among the first to identify and delineate boundaries of a nativized variety of English in South Asia, which he ground as South Asian English (SAE).Kachru (1996) regarded SAE as an additional linguistic arm in the close of identicalness. He believes that nativization must be seen as the result of those productive linguistic innovations which atomic number 18 determined by the localized function of a second language variety, the culture of conversation and commutative strategies in new situations and transfer from local languages (Kachru 1986 21-2). With this development, there was a gradual recognition and acknowledgement of the new and non-native varieties of English, e. g. Nigerian English, Indian English, Chicano English, Pakistani English, Singaporean English, Sri Lankan English etc.The term New varieties of English implies that there ar more or less recognizable varieties of spoken and/or written by assorts of people. (Platt et al. 19842) A new variety does not develop in isolation moreover it depends on the communicative needs of those who speak and bring through it. Such a variety is considered an interference variety because there is a clear linguistic and cultural interference from the first language and culture of the users. When a language is used in a different cultural context and social situation, several changes take mail in its phonology, morphology, lexicon and syntax.A language so wide used has its own grammatical and linguistic system through which it conveys its distinction of meanings. These linguistic features be ordina rily transparent in its sound system, vocabulary and fate construction. The non-native speakers develop a full new simulacrum of expression to fulfil the communicative needs. Since the user of the non-native variety is bilingual, creativity is manifested in different kinds of mixing, switching, alteration and transcreation of codes. When both languages come in sink in, it results in inventiveness. Bilingualism in itself is a source of creativity in language (Talaat 2003).Such varieties are so widespread and have such a long standing that they may be thought stable and adequate enough to be regarded as varieties of English in their own responsibility rather than stages on the behavior to a more native-like English (Quirk 19838) Urdu-English code-switching and Pakistani English English enjoys a actually prestigious status in Pakistan. Its prevalence and advocator in Pakistan is growing actually much. For many Pakistanis, English has become not only a practical necessity, ye t also the language of opportunity, social prestige, power, success as well as social superiority.Kachru (1997227) pointed at the ideological, cultural and elitist power of English. Such power is vividly seen in Pakistan where people tend to switch from Urdu to English to shape special effect. Urdu is the national language of Pakistan and one of the 2 official languages of Pakistan (the other official language being English). It is the most important language of literacy in the country. In the hierarchy of linguistic prestige, Urdu is placed lower only than English. In Pakistan, Urdu-English code-switching is a everyday characteristic of educated Pakistani bilinguals. Code-switching ccurs when two languages come in contact the alternation of two languages at heart a single discourse, sentence or constituent (Poplack 1980581). This sociolinguistic phenomenon makes a great contribution in the creation of new and non-native varieties of English. When two languages come into conta ct, not only the phonological features but lexical items and syntactic patterns also manage to filter across from one language to some other. English is used in Pakistan in a non-native context. Different changes can be observed in its phonology, vocabulary, and grammar and now it is know as a distinct variety of English i. . Pakistani English. Non-native varieties of English are an important aspect of language change and these varieties have emerged because of code-switching and code-mixing. According to Trudgill (1986 1), the languages that are in contact with each other socially may become changed linguistically, as a result of being in contact psychologically, in the competency of individual speaker. Pakistani English has assumed a linguistic and cultural identity of its own. This identity manifests itself throughout the language at the word level, the joint level and the sentence level.It is the natural consequence of its systematic contact with the Urdu language. A large n umber of espousals from Urdu and the regional languages of Pakistan have entered in Pakistani English (Baumgardner 1993). definite lexical items may show a shift from their original Standard British English usage to Urduized meaning (Talaat 1993). In comparison with the borrowing in syntax and morphology, lexical items have the highest ease of borrowing and seem most likely to occur (Brutt-Griffler, 2002 Ro of importe, 1995).Such a vocabulary items in all the new varieties of English are largely drawn from the areas that are significantly different to the geo-social-cultural context of British English (Fernado 2003). As, no reliable study on Urdu-English code-switching at the level of the phrase and clause is available, this paper is likely to brace the gap. The code-switching data in this paper focuses on the use of Urdu phrases and clauses in the English language and shows that its occurrence imposes no ungrammatical effect on the anatomical social organisation of English s yntax.The data has been collected from the pursual printed Pakistani English newspaper and magazines 1. Dawn (daily) (Lahore) 2. Herald (monthly) (Karachi) 3. Mag (weekly) (Karachi) In this paper, code-switching is divided into two categories. They are inter-sentential switching, that is switching from one language to another at a sentence boundary, and intra-sentential code-switching, or code-mixing when the switch takes place within one sentence. In the surveiling section, we volition analyse the intra-sentential code-switching in Pakistani English at the level of phrase.Phrasal insertions A phrase is a group of words, which does not carry a complete sense. Formally a phrase is defined as a syntactic structure that has syntactic properties derived from its genius (Mahajan 2001). Basic phrase structure is a universal feature of all human languages. The Urdu language is not different from English as far as the structure of phrase is c erst art objectrned. There are a fair number of Urdu multi-word switches in this section that are either two word or deuce-ace word phrases occurring in the English clause or sentence.The purpose is to introduce the position of various Urdu phrases inserted in English syntax. Some researchers suggest that switches that are larger than one word are true code-switches but one-word switches are borrowings. However, it is not within the goals of this paper to distinguish code-switches from borrowings. In this section, we will analyze the occurrence of various NPs, Adj Ps and PPs in the English sentences. Since phrase insertion is always a complex kind of switching, it demands a high degree of increase and accuracy from the bilinguals involved in code-switching.Noun phrase A noun phrase is a word or group of words, which acts as the issuing, complement or object of a clause, or as the object of a preposition. A noun phrase always has an obligatory head noun and optional modifier and qualifier. (m) H (q) For archetype in the Ur du phrase mera bhai apaney dostoon key saath, (my brother with his friends) mera is the modifier of the head noun bhai while Urdu postpositional phrase dostoon key saath is qualifying the head noun. The structure of Urdu noun phrases used in Pakistani English is very diverse.Here are some interpreters of the use of the Urdu noun phrases occurring as the subject of the English verbs 1. A poor hari (the farmer) can be sent to the gallows even on the mild armorial bearing of a crime leveled against him by a noble. (March 27, 2007 D) 2. An honorable sardar or wadera (the landlord or chief) can walk throw overboard even after proven record of the most heinous kinds of against crimes him. (March 27, 2007 D) 3. They alleged that the naib nazim (the vice municipal officer) was receiving threats to mogul him to part ways with the PPP-backed Awam Dost panel. (March 04, 2007 D)In the first two examples, the English procedurals are modifying the English nouns in a noun phrase while in the third example both the adjective and noun are from the Urdu language. All the noun phrases have the English determining factors a, an and the respectively in the beginning of the sentences. Urdu noun phrase as an apposition of another noun It is very arouse to note the use of an Urdu noun phrase as apposition in Pakistani English. Apposition means the placing of a noun group after a noun or pronoun in order to identify something or someone or give more information about them.In the following example, we can see the use of an Urdu noun phrase as an apposition of another noun. Here the Urdu noun phrase is giving information about the proper noun Haji Ramzan. 1. flipper militants who tried to kidnap tehsil municipal officer Hameedullah on October 8 were forced to give up their surety after Haji Ramzan, the tehsil naib nazim (the city vice municipal officer), and his men confronted them on the important Tank-Jandola road. (November 2006 H) Urdu phrase introduced by an English adver b In the examples below, the English relative adverb as introduces the Urdu unfoldes of words embedded in English.This type of switching is very rare and demands high proficiency. 1. Amjad considered her as ustad se ziyada dost (friend rather than teacher). (January 22, 2006 D) 2. And an old friend of hers, a womanish writer, was so infuriated on being referred to as a Cycle wali larki (female cyclist) that she broke relations with her for good. (March 25, 2007 D) 3. According to one of them, they were not shunned by the public as lula, langra and apahaj (lame and paralyzed). (December 04, 2005 D) 4. What was sworn upon yesterday as guiding formula will be chucked at the altar of expediency tomorrow as mere siyasi bayan (political statement). January 22, 2006 D) Genitive phrases In Urdu, genitives are indicated with ka/ke/ke as a morph-word. The choice of these words depends on gender, number and case ending of the head noun. However, the English word of is equivalent to all thes e. The genitive or possessive form of Urdu noun takes different positions in English syntax and imposes no ungrammatical effect in the construction. In the following examples, the Urdu noun phrases are used as the complement of an English verb of incomplete predication and occurring at the end of the sentence.The Urdu noun phrase begins with the English determiner an in the first example. 1. Atif Amin feels its true that to some extend visiting therapists is an ameeron ka nakhra. (arrogance of the rich) (July 31, 2005 D) 2. The colloquial phrase used for this punishment was kala ki saza. (severe punishment) (July 24, 2005 D) In some cases the Urdu noun phrase is used as the subject of the English syntax. In example 2 the Urdu noun phrase begins with English determiner the. 1. 1. Logon ki samajh ( understanding of the people) is all he has to say about the societys position towards dance. January 12, 2006 D) 2. The Islamabad ka muqadas darakht (Holy tree of Islamabad) revolved aroun d a popular Banyan tree that stood in orbit E-7 but was a few months back burned down. (May 21, 2006 D) 3. Promptly can the reply from Fateh Muhammad Mailk, who argued that kufar ka fatwa (Infidelity claim) is nothing new with us. (May 21, 2006 D) Sometimes, the Urdu noun phrases are also inserted in the middle of the English syntax. In the following examples, we can see the use of the Urdu noun phrases as the complement of an English verb. 1.Publications have just become catalogues and designers have become shadi ka jora mills (Wedding cloth house), not aiming to produce ethereal pieces any more. (September 25, 2005 D) 2. Rohit also revived the age-old warak ka kaam ( subject of silver gold leaf) once used for mughal royalty. (January 22, 2005 D) 3. Naturally they bathed themselves properly after every hug as the grandma had a perceive of sarson ka tel (mustardoil) and desi soap all over here. (July 31, 2005 D) 4. I am thrilled to see a lovely jurao ka learn (precious Ornament) that President Ayub Khan presented her when she visited Pakistan in the 1960s. March 25, 2007) In the example 3 the double genitive has been used with English mixed in a noun phrase. Adjective Phrase A word or a group of words that does the work of an adjective is called an adjective phrase. Adjective phrases are usually formed from an intensifier that is optional, followed by the head (H) that is a great deal an adjective In Pakistani English, Urdu adjective phrases may occur as a predicate adjective or inside the noun phrase. In the examples below, an Urdu adjective phrase has been inserted in the English sentence. 1. He is called sher ka bacha (bashful, brave) and mard ka bacha (high minded). January 08, 06 D) In the above example, Urdu evaluative metaphors that reflect Pakistani social customs, localized attitude and fashion have been used in English syntax. In a typical Pakistani context, a somebody having great courage and with a keen sense of honor is termed as sher ka b acha (lions child). In the following example the English intensifier very has been used with an Urdu adjective. This kind of code-switching is very rare. 2. Their response, I think you are right madam, said a young man, city life and modern education makes men very beghairat (dishonorable) (November 2006 H)In the examples given below, the Urdu adjective phrases are modifying the English nouns in the noun phrases. 3. It was a taiz raftar (very speedy) bus and I merely sat on it as well. (February 26, 2005 D) 4. The 60-minutes interview was largely spent in advocate Bukhari name dropping, saying he grew up with the lordships of the Superior Court and what payare insaan (lovely men) they are. (March 18, 2007 D) Example 4 reflects a very complex kind of code-switching. The Urdu stretch of words has been introduced by the English word what, but actually it is giving the emphasis on the Urdu adjective payare.The use of what has changed the syntactic structure and it seems that it has bee n used to focus on payare insaan. The introduction of what has changed the word order of the sentence. i important thing worthwhile to mention here is that it seems harder to break up a relative clause/phrase than other types of subordination. It is quite problematic to have a relative pronoun from one language and the rest of the clause in the other. The code-switching data reported from other language pairs also show that switching among the relative pronoun and the clause that it introduces is rare. Nortier 1990) Mostly, the English adjectives are necessarily uninflected. They undergo no morphological changes with the variations in the nouns they qualify. However, in Pakistani English, Urdu adjectives, sometimes, may be inflected according to the rules of Urdu grammar because of number and gender as in the above example. For example Payara (lovely) is an inflected adjective e. g. Payara larka (lovely boy), Payari larki (lovely girl), Payare insaan (lovely people). Prepositional phrase Urdu has a postposition instead of English preposition, which differs in the way that it precedes objects.A collective term used for both preposition and postposition is adposition. In typical Urdu adposition phrases, adposition comes at the end. An Urdu postposition phrase is syntactically inserted in English syntax in the following example 1. Both of them unhurt Khuda key fazal sey (By the grace of God) while Shazia became paraplegic. (January 08, 2006 D) It is very interesting to note that the Urdu postposition phrase occurs at the same position where its English equivalent could have been. Verbal phrase A verb phrase is a word or a group of words that does not have a subject and a predicate of its own and does the work of a verb.In Urdu language, auxiliaries occur after the main verb in contrast with English where auxiliaries occur before the main verb. Urdu verb phrases occur very rarely in Pakistani English because they have to undergo a complex morphological change as compared to noun phrases. However, sometimes an Urdu verbal phrase is also inserted in English syntax. Here is an example of the use of an Urdu verb phrase 1. My colleagues kept worrying that piracy ho rahi hay (is going on) we should stop it I kept saying, hooney do. (let it be) (September 11, 2005 D) ho rahi hai ain verb Progressive form auxiliary The above-mentioned data and examples suggest that Urdu phrases are frequently used in Pakistani English and its occurrences at various positions in a sentence seem to be quite appropriate. Urdu phrases obey the rules of English grammar everywhere in the sentences. After analyzing intra-sentential code-switching at the level of phrase, now we want to turn to inter-sentential code-switching in Pakistani English. The next section begins with inter-clausal code switching. Inter-clausal code-switchingAs mentioned earlier, code-switching occurring at the sentence level is called inter-sentential code-switching. The term inter-clausal code-s witching is used to refer to switches occurring at the clause boundaries. In the present data, switched Urdu clauses can include a coordinated clause, a subordinate clause or a clause/phrase introduced by an English adverb. Urdu clauses that are coordinated with an English clause through the use of arrange conjunction are classified as coordinated clauses. Urdu subordinate clauses are also used with main English clause.We can find the English subordinate clause with Urdu main clause as well. Mostly, an English subordinate clause gives a warning or advice about the consequences of an action or attitude. It is relatively common in Pakistani English that Urdu proverbs and maxims occur at the periphery of an English clause. There are also switched Urdu full clauses that are syntactically independent of the preceding English clause, although there is still thematic viscidness in terms of their reference and actions. The data exemplified in the following sections will reveal how differe nt types of Urdu clauses are used in Pakistani English.Co-ordinated Clauses In Pakistani English, co-ordinated clauses are joined by English as well as Urdu conjunctions. However Urdu conjunctions do not occur quite frequently. A conjunction that often conjoins the English clauses to the Urdu adjacent clauses is and. Here is an example of the use of the English coordinating conjunction 1. Why tire outt we all go together to New Delhi? N1 ki shaddi ki shopping bhi ho jaye gi (There will be shopping of N1s wedding) and we can have much fun. (June 20, 2005 D) As can be seen in the above example, there is switching here back and forth between English and Urdu.An Urdu clause is embedded in English and English is taken up again. In the following example, an Urdu conjunction leykin (but) is inserted in the English sentence. The reason for the use of Urdu conjunction in Pakistani English is directionality of code-switching, because most of the times, switched Urdu clauses follow the Englis h main clause. This Urdu conjunction has a pragmatic effect as a discourse brand in drawing attention to the utterance. 1. We reached there in time, lakin no body was there to receive us. (Spoken English) In Nortiers Moroccan Arabic/Dutch code-switching data (1990), the Arabic onjunction walikan (but) is also most frequent and is the one that conjoins two clauses that are both in another language. Taking a discourse marker from another language has a pragmatic effect on the whole utterance. Another interesting feature of Pakistani English that has been found as a result of Urdu-English code-switching is the use of an independent Urdu clause or sentence with English in written as well as spoken English. Here are three examples where Urdu clauses are syntactically independent however, they share a semantic relationship with each other 1.Very soon, I will be a big star in Bollywood, main naumeed nahin hougni. (I will not be disappointed) (July 16, 2006 D) 2. He is set to release some very interesting films, which he describes as joyful-go-lucky movies, aaj kal happy fims ka zamana hai. (Now-a-days people like happy movies) (December 11, 2005 D) 3. I cannot make new friends. Main buri, mairai dausti burai. (I am bad, friendship with me is bad) Thats all (March 25, 2007 D) Subordinated clauses Urdu subordinated clauses are also used in Pakistani English, which is a very important aspect of inter-sentential code-switching.The place conjunction is not always in the language of the clause that it introduces. Both Urdu and English subordinating conjunctions are used to join main and subordinated clauses. We can classify this section to two main enormous categories 1. Urdu subordinate clauses with an English main clause 2. English subordinate clauses with a Urdu main clause Firstly, we will look at the occurrence of the Urdu subordinate clauses with an English main clause. Urdu subordinate clauses with an English main clause Different Urdu subordinate clauses are em bedded in the English sentences in Pakistani English.The following two kinds of Urdu subordinate clauses have been found in Pakistani English 1. The noun clause 2. The adverb clause Noun clause The data exemplified in this section will show that a noun clause is a subordinate clause that does the work of a noun in a complex sentence. It can be used in Pakistani English as 1. The subject of a verb 2. The complement of a verb 3. The object of a preposition In the following example, the switched Urdu noun clause has been used as the subject of an English verb 1. Sub kutch chalet hai is their dictum. (June 12, 2005 D) All is right is their dictum.Most of the times, a switched noun clause acts as a complement of an English verb. Here are some examples 1. To underline the point he added is main science ki koi baat nahin hai. (December 25, 2005 D) To underline the point he added there is nothing scientific in this. 2. He got all mixed up and asked acha aap begum commondo hai. (October 30, 2005 D) He got all mixed up and asked well. You are Mrs. Commando. 3. I get looks from them all and a bracing said aap aagay aa jain. (October 09, 2006 D) I get looks from them all and a couple said you come in front please. 4. She couldnt change course the bohat aachi movie hai. May 29, 2005 D) She couldnt resist its the very best movie. In the examples below, the switched Urdu clause has been used as an object of an English preposition. 1. No one at the CCB was willing to say anything except that is ka order ooper se aya hai. (May 07, 2006 D) 2. No one at the CCB was willing to say anything except that we have orders from our seniors. 3. As they turned to me, I shrugged my shoulder with a Bhai dekh lo, I am not carrying you purse (November 2006 H) 4. As they turned to me, I shrugged my shoulder with a brother you can see I am not carrying you purse.Sometimes, its very interesting to note the use of an Urdu noun clause as a complement of a verb of incomplete predication. 1. The w hole thing is that key bhaiya sab se bada rupaiya. (February 12, 2006 D) The whole thing is that bother, money is all. Adverb clause As we have seen through the above examples that the noun clause acts as a noun in complex sentences, in the same way the function of an adverb clause is that of an adverb in complex sentences. In the following example, an Urdu adverb conditional clause has been embedded in the English sentence.However, the Urdu subordinate clause precedes the English main clause. The subordinating conjunction is in Urdu, whereas the clause that follows it is in English 1. Aap ko kissi cheez sey strings ketney hoon, to its best to offer from it. (June 26, 2005 D) If you want to cut the cord off, then its best to run from it. English subordinate clauses with Urdu main clause In some cases, English clause is subordinate to an Urdu main clause. In the following example the English noun clause is joined with the Urdu main clause through the English subordinating conjunctio n that. 1.Mujhe shikayat hai that we are not making history. (July 31, 2005 D) I have a complaint that we are not making history. In the example below, the English conditional clause is subordinate to the Urdu main clause. In this example, the English subordinate clause precedes the Urdu main clause 1. The natural law asked both of us to settle things between ourselves. Because if it becomes court case, then mamla lamba ho jaiga. (February 19, 2006 D) The police asked both of us to settle things between ourselves. Because if it becomes a court case, then it will be a lengthy process. Repetitions and other switchesSometimes, Urdu phrases or clauses are used just as the repetition of an English phrase or clause. The purpose of this type of switching is to give emphasis. However, in spoken it is used to address different audiences. 1. Take care, apna bahut khayal rakhiya ga. (December 18, 2005 D) 2. They shouted for his execution. Zen ko phansy do. (October 02, 2005 D) 3. Feroz was ve ry drunk. Usko chad gayi thi. (May 07, 2006 D) 4. He thought that Geeta Bali was the daughter of a true Dr. Bali,a dentist in Aligarh, who was shocked when one day, Sikandar asked him Aap ki sahabzadi kaisi hain? (Hows your daughter? (November 2006 H) In some cases, Urdu clauses are used to quote maxim and proverb or some other person in Pakistani English. Here are some examples 1. My unbending procrastination is one thing that repels the beauty of the world but they say sabar ka phal meetha ( constancy has its reward) (January 22, 2006 D) 2. Talk about lakkar hazam, pathar hazam (very powerful and digestive stomach), they deserve a batter deal, if only for their patience in eating such swill day after day. (October 2006 M) 3. He gave the example of the phrase auratein bhot bolteen hain (females are very talkative). August 07, 2005 D) 4. She was very touched and impressed, especially when the waiter uttered these words baaji, mehman sey paisay nahin letay (sister, we dont charges f rom guests). (July 17, 2005 D) 5. She opened the Q and A session by saying aab court aap ki ball main hai (Now all depends on you). (May 29,2005 D) Conclusion The data and examples presented in this paper demonstrate that code-switching affects Pakistani English at the phrase and clause level and Pakistani English has its unique features. This paper has shown the variations in English syntax when it is used in a non-native context i. . Pakistan. This paper shows that in code-switching many traces of native language can be observed on the foreign language. The grammatical usage of Urdu language on English is visible here in the above mentioned examples. Some linguists are of the opinion that there is no language that has not been under influence of another language. English is no exception in this regard. Several changes are taking place in the English language. Isolated languages are rarely met in the global village. Bilingualism or multilingualism is a characteristic feature of mod ern society.According to Wardhaugh (1998 100) Command of only a single variety of language, whether it be a dialect, stylus or register, would appear to be an extremely rare phenomenon, one likely to occasion comment. Most speakers reign several varieties of the language they speak, and bilingualism, even multilingualism, is the norm for many people throughout the world rather than unilingualism. line of products I would like to thank Professor Dr. Mubina Talaat for her valuable comments on my paper. ReferencesBamgbose, Ayo (2001) World Englishes and globularisation. World Englishes, 20(3), 357-63 Baumgardner, R. J. , Kennedy, A. E. H. , and Shamim, F. (1993) The Urduization of English in Pakistan. In Baumgardner, R (Ed. ) The Englis Language in Pakistan, The Oxford Press, Karachi. Bottery, Mike (2000) Education, Policy and Ethics. capital of the United Kingdom Continuum. Brutt-Griffler, Janina (2002) World Englishes A probe of Its Development. Clevedon, UK Multilingual Matters . Cheshire, Jenny (1991) English around the World Linguistic Perspective. Cambridge Cambridge University Press.Crystal, David (2003) English as a Global Language. 2nd edition. Cambridge Cambridge University Press. Fernado, S (2003) The Vocabulary of Sri Lankan English. Paper presented at 9th International Conference on Sri Lankan Studies. Sri Lanka Kachru, Braj B. (1978) Lexical innovations in South Asian English. In Indian writing in English. Edited by Ramesh Mohan. Delhi Orient Longman Ltd. ,pp. 80-100 Kachru, Braj B. (1986) The alchemy of English the Spread, Functions, and Models Of Non-native English. Oxford Pergamon Press. Kachru, Braj B. 1996) Series Editors Preface. In Robert J. Baumgardner (ed. ) 1996. South Asian English Structure, Use and Users. Delhi Oxford University Press. Kachru, Braj. B. (1997) Resources for look into and Teaching. In World Englishes 2000. Edited by Larry E. Smith and Michael L. Forman. Honolulu College of Languages. Linguistics, and Literature, Uni versity of Hawaii and the East- West Centre , pp. 209-51 Mahajan, A (2001) Complex Predicates and Case in Hindi, in M. Saito et al. (eds. ) Preceedings of Nanzan GLOW, 275-296. Nagoya, Japan Nanzan University.Mahboob, A (2003) The English Language in Pakistan A Brief Overview of its History and Linguistics. Pakistan journal of language, vol. 4, no. 1 Nortier, J. (1990) Dutch-Moroccan Arabic code-switching among Moroccans in the Netherlands. Dordrecht Foris. Platt, J. , Weber, H and Lain H. M. (1984). The New Englishes, London Routledge and Kegan Paul Poplack, S. (1980) Sometimes I start a sentence in Spanish y termino espanol toward a typology of code-switching in Amastea, J. and Elias- Olivares, L. 1982. Spanish in the United States Cambridge Cambridge University Press.Quirk, R and Greenbaum, S (1983) A University Grammar of English, Harlow Longman Romaine, Susan (1995) Bilingualism (second edition). Oxford Blackwell. Talaat, Mubina (1993) Lexical Variation in Pakistani English. I n Baumgardner, R (Ed. ) The English Language in Pakistan, The Oxford Press, Karachi. Talaat, Mubina (2003) Some Aspects of Creativity in Pakistani English or Improvised Communication, Pakistan journal of language, vol. 4, no. 1 Trudgill, P (1986). Dialects in contact. Oxford Basil Blackwell. Wardhaugh, Ronald (1998) An Introduction to Sociolinguistics (third edition). Oxford Blackwell.

Ernest Hemingway Fifty Grand Essay Essay

This short bill is one of the stories in Men Without Women, write by Ernest Hemingway, an American writer. I started to love every Hemingways short story since I reached this semester particularly this short story, which is tells about boxing that is one of my favorite sport. I mobilize Hemingway was a earths man. He wrote everything covered both things that happened in World War I and World War II, he had deep-sea stories, he liked to tell about himself, every journey he had done and exploitation I which is refered to his main character of his stories that could make people who never read his stories would think that I, refered to Hemingway itself. He removes himself from the use of storyteller. The stories are nearly wholly composed of dialogue. One mustiness engage him or herself in the tarradiddles and fire up his or her imagination to under back the emotional core of each of these stories. Hemingway expects us to.Back to the topic, I am going to give a short review fir st about this story before I work on my paper. This short story tells us about an aging-boxing champ named turd Brennan who did his determination beseech against Jim Walcott, a fresh-young boxer. varlet trained by Jerry Doyle, the narrator itself, and also the only c digestst friend that gob had. scallywag suffered a great(p) insomnia, how he lost(p) his wife and decided this force against Jim Walcott pass on be the last fight for him. asshole knew he cant stand against Walcott be pillowcase he is too erstwhile(a) to beat a young boxer like Walcott. But the only problem which took my attention starts from hither when Jacks manager, John and a couple of friends with him (we lastly knew that both contraryrs are Morgan and Steinfelt), visited him at Hogans health ranch but Jack wasnt there. He was in his room. Then Jerry, John and his friends went to Jacks room. They knocked the door but there was not an answer from Jack.So John turned the wield and went in to the room wi th others. After they met each other and some dialogue waitween them, John asked Jerry to Jerry to pay back Hogan because they want to see him but Jack forbade him to go. But Jerry did not listen to Jack. When Jerry oddover the room, I think there isimportant part which is missing. If we go further of this short story we can find a moment when Jack got drunk and terstwhile(a) Jerry that he bet $50,000 against himself and attempt to get intentionally against Walcott. Yes, he tried to lose intentionally in his last fight. It was so irrational. I think we, as readers, live with missed the important part of this short or probably the narrator deliberately omit that part, the reason wherefore Jack changed his mind. I do not think that he was too old to go his bet as the only reason why. I am sure there must be something when Jerry left the Jacks room between Jack, John, Jacks manager and his friends in there. John and his friends must have said something to Jack and made him cha nge his mind even bet against himself. I testify to find out what happened out there on internet.I try to find the missing ticktack in this short story but I get nothing. If we think that Jack was too old to beat Walcott, a fresh-young boxer, why he didnt decide not to fight from beginning? why he told Jerry to ready a bet on Walcott after he met John and his friends? I utilize to think that because he never slept at night, how he missed his wife so much and he was getting tired with all of these things then he told his problems to John and his friends that he would make an easy last fight. But no, that is irrational reason if you read the whole story. You will find that Jack stays until final round. That is not make a sense if he would intentionally to lose the jeopardize.And why he put so mevery punches on Walcott and made him bleeding bad and suffered all the time if Jack treasured to lose the game? The fight itself went very tight. Jack controlled the beginning of the game . Then he became slower since the ordinal round. Walcott took over the whole game while Jack tried to block every punch from Walcott. Sounds strange enough to me why did he keep the game on? He could say give up, though. I think Jack pride at stake here. He must decide what is more important, lose his bet or his belt. Maybe that is the reason why he survived so far. Altough we know, in the end Jack made a lousy to Walcott and is disqualified. From this quote (which was Jack said)I think I can last. I dont want this bohunk to stop me. He must be thinking about something righteous to finish this fight before the game ends. No matter how. I think Jack judgement so. And take a look at this quoteHe (means Jack) certainly did used to make the fellows he fought hate boxing. That was why he hated Richie Lewis so. He never got Richies goat. Richie Lewis always had about trine new dirty things Jack could not do. Jack was as safe as a church building all the time he was in there, as long as he was strong. I will underlined this statement Richie Lewis always had about three new dirty things Jack could not do. That was why he hated him so much. And if we go back to the game between Jack and Walcott. I think he had prepared well for this dirty thing before the gong of the last round rang. He had prepared to do something bad to finish this fight because he told Jerry and John that he knew he could not stand both womb-to-tomb in this match. And perhaps he had made a decision or had knew the sincere answer about what he had to choose between his belt or his bet. So that was why he made a foul to Walcott and is disqualified. That is the only thing I thought why Jack keep fighting instead quit before the fight begins. Perhaps he wanted to show a great last fight to the world before he retired.But if he thought so, the foul that he made to Walcott was made people want to slap on his face and turned him as mediocre boxer because of it. So what was he thought? This is so i nte reclineing. This thing will be other problem to solve. If the narrator deliberately omit that part or did not want to tell what makes Jack bet against himself, the most understanding thing is because the narrator wants to show us that this short story that he narrate based on what he saw, heard and has happened is the truth. He did not need to tell us the things that he did not know. He would not tell lies. So at that stage when the narrator left the Jacks room then tried to find where Hogan was, he really did not what happened in there. And we, as readers, did not for sure what happened in there because he did not tell us. And it makes a address of interpretation. What did they do? Perhaps John, Jacks manager, or his friends came to Hogans ranch to persuade Jack to lose intentionally and offered him some money then Jack accepted because he knew from the first even if he tries his best he still can not beat Walcott, a younger and strong boxer.If yes, that was why he made a fou l to Walcott. The only question why did he keep the game on? Why did he stand until final round? Why he did not he do that dirty thing from the start? What if Steinfelt and Morgan conspire with John bribe to Jack to fix the fight? I think that is the characteristic of Ernest Hemingways short stories. That is why he likesto put I as the first person perspective in some of his stories to engage us as readers to feel what the narrator feels, to see what the narrator sees, makes us like we were there. I think litre sybaritic is narrated by what aptitude be called a highly colloquialized narrator. The use of a highly colloquialized narrator in Fifty Grand has several effects on the story.For one thing, as the reader grows accustomed to Jerry Doyles manner of speaking, he became more fully involved than he might be otherwise in the world in which Jerry lives. Jerry Doyle seems knowledgeable about prize fighting not only because he works as a trainer, but because his way of speaking cau ses him to sound the way a man who knows about boxing ought to sound. The cream of Jerry Doyle as the witness narrator for Fifty Grand is useful in ways un related to to the trainers manner of speaking.For one thing, Jerrys narrating allows the reader to be a man on the inside. often of the effect of this story emergences from the fact that the reader receives a behind-the- shooters view of the stinginess, the domestication, and the overall unferociousness of a man the public believes is a brutal and hardened fighter. The importance of the readers proximity to the action of Fifty Grand is particularly evident on the night of the big fight. When Jack Brennan climbs up to get in the ring, Jerry describes how Walcott comes over and pushes the rope down for Jack to go throughSo youre going to be one of these popular champions, Jack says to him. Take your goddam hand off my shoulder.Be yourself, Walcott says.This is all great for the crowd. How gentlemanly the boys are before the figh t. How they wish each other luck.The readers enjoyment of this scene results in large measure from his knowledge that he has information about what is going on which the rest of the spectators at the fight do not have. The moment of Jack Brennans realization that he must lose the fight works much the same way. What appears to the audience a vicious low quilt that was a foul is understood by Jerry, and thus by the reader, as the desperate action of a threatened bread-winner. Although Jerry Doyles manner of speaking and his specialinvolvement in what is going on cause the reader to be interested in him as a character, Jack Brennan consistently remains the storys central concern. The way in which Jerry is developed, in fact, helps to maintain the storys focus on the Irish boxer. For one thing, Jerry Doyle, as the narrator, did not tell the reader much about his own thoughts and emotions.Generally, his reactions to the things that he sees are simple and obvious and in no way attract th e readers attention. Jerrys personal comments nearly always support rather than modify the picture of events which his narration sets up. For example, when Jerry says that Jack is sore, he does so just after the reader has seen Jacks anger for himself. The readers first focus on Jack Brennan is also maintained by the storys creation of a special kind of layness, a nowadaysness which results from what can be thought of as a duple disappearance of the storys narrator. In the first place, Jerry Doyle is invisible as a narrator in the act of telling a story.Nothing in the story suggests that Jerry is reminiscing about events from a point in time after Jacks fight with Walcott. On the contrary, the events of the story seem to be related without the intervention of a narrating present. A second kind of disappearance results from the fact that during the acting present when Jerry is in conversation with other characters, he frequently ceases to be distinguishable even as the overall c ommentator of events. In the following conversation, for example, it is impossible for the reader to tell that one of the speakers is narrating the storyYou know, he (refered to Jack) says, you aint got any idea how I miss the wife. Sure.You aint got any idea. You cant have an idea what its like It ought to be better out in the country than in the town. With me now, Jack said, it dont make any difference where I am. You cant have any idea what its like. Have another drink.Am I getting soused? Do I talk funny?Youre coming on all right.You cant have any idea what its like. They aint anybody can have an idea what its like.The use of the present tense at the beginning of the exchange does suggest that an involved narrator is telling the story, but the present tense is used so frequently during conversations in Fifty Grand that it ceases to be particularly noticeable. During longer exchanges the narrator identifies his words with I said, but he rarely elaborates on this identification an d as a result, the I fails to actract attention any more than he would. When the narrator disappears from large portions of a story or a novel, as is the case in Fifty Grand, the overall result is the creation of a narrative which is both involved and dramatic.In general, those effects which are achieved by means of narrative perspective result from the types of inter-relationships which are created between narrators and the reader and between narrators and the events he narrate. The relationship between the narrator of story a story and the situations he presents to us, the readers, can be of a great many kinds. In Fifty Grand, Hemingway renders the narrator, which is Jerry Doyle, almost invisible, enabling us, the reader, to look through the narrating present and focus our attention directly on the events of the narrators story. The position of the narrator itself is primarily important as frame for the presentation of character other than himself.

Burial at Thebes

Mia Britton Mrs. baker DRA 110 4 March 2013 The Burial at Thebes The gyp Burial at Thebes is a ripe translation of Antigone by Sophocles and Seamus Heaney is credited for this recent translation. The plot organize used in Heaneys cream can be described as episodic. This play stands out as episodic because of its early pourboire of attack. For example, at the start of the opening scene Antigone approaches her sister Ismene with news that poof Creon has issued a proclamation that their brothers physical structure should not receive a proper burial, and that anyone trying to bury him will be stoned to death.She intends to pass up the law and bury Polynecies but, Ismene refuses to assist Antigone. Therefore, Antigone disowns Ismene and pledges never to accept her aid. Another example of episodic play structure in The Burial at Thebes when Eurydice hears from the messengers the death of her discussion she leaves in silence and King Creon returns with his dead password Haemon in his arms. The messengers approach King Creon with grievous news that his wife Eurydice has return keyn her life. These examples prove that Seamus Heaneys utilisation is episodic because after one incident another incident approaches.The protagonist can be delimit as the central character in a play or the person who the story is just about and experiences the most changes. In Seamus Heaneys play there atomic number 18 two possible protagonists Antigone and Ismene. Antigone can be considered a protagonist because the play revolves around her rebelling against the King and his resolution to not bury her brothers body. Another protagonist is Ismene because during the opening scene she tells Antigone that she will not assist her in burying her brother.As the track of the play continues Ismene realizes what is right and defends her sister against King Creon by saying that she will die along with her sister. Ismene similarly tries to convince King Creon to not take her sisters life by asking him whether he would kill the bride of his son since Haemon is meant to marry Antigone. Ismenes attitude changes from a noble citizen to that of a martyr. An antagonist can be outlined as a person who is opposed to the protagonist or the goal of the protagonist. In Burial atThebes King Creon appears to be the antagonist because he is against burying or awarding any ceremonial rights to Antigone and Ismenes brother. As the play begins King Creon tells the elders of Thebes that anyone who awards a proper burial for Polyneices would be put to death. When King Creon finds about Antigones actions he declares that some(prenominal) sisters will be put to death. Antigone explains that she knew of his decree and she only answers to Zeus, the gods didnt lay down these laws for manipulation, and that she will contribute the gods judgment for the burial.King Creon decides that he doesnt want the pedigree of Antigone on his hand so he believes the outdo way to take her life is by b urying her under rocks with food. These acts made by King Creon are evidence that he is the antagonist in the play Burial at Thebes. The play Burial at Thebes was intended to teach and educate its audience on societies and politics. Seamus Heaney displays a mightful King that doesnt take advice from anyone. A few examples of King Creon not heeding to advice is first seen when his son Haemon tries to urge him to be open to both opinions.He dismisses his son calling him a woman slave. Even the elders question King Creons by stating that he should listen to his sons request. Creon becomes irritated and questions the elders whether they should be taught by a young boy. King Creon was in any case approached by Teirasis and says, The gods do not take the prayers or sacrifices of the Thebans, and the birds cries are muffled because the birds throats are glutted with the blood of Polyneices. Teiresias explains the significance of taking counsel, and says that a man who makes a mistake and then corrects it brings no shame on himself.King Creon once again does not heed to wise counsel and believes that just because he has authoritative power that he doesnt require counsel. Seamus Heaney also exhibits bravery in his characters in which his audience members can run into from. For example, not only did Antigone represent bravery, but Haemon exemplified Bravery by standing up to his father. These acts of bravery appeared subaltern at the beginning, but towards the end of the play they actually made a difference. All in all, these examples prove that Seamus Heaneys work is educational and displayed politics.

Read articals and answer in discussion Assignment

Read articals and answer in intervention - Assignment ExampleInformation clays have the capacity to distinguish the performance of an organization from a nonher. There atomic number 18 areas of information technology that have not been explored and fully exhausted. For example, the area of entropy mining, artificial intelligence and robotics, stopping point support system and system automation. In the dynamic pipeline world, there are newly emerge needs of information technology that continues to raise the new needs of information System solutions. For example, the present business world requires real time systems such as mobile applications. The demand for new data communion methodologies is continuously rising and their efficiencies place organizations in different ranks (Dych 10).The third rule for IT management is right. IT managers should place much emphasis on the vulnerability as opposed to the opportunities that it offers. There reason for this is that IT already has a insure of opportunities, so there is no need of wasting efforts searching for them. Secondly, Information Technology faces unpredictable threats that bum be extremely costly. IT systems should be able to take care of information within an organization and follow them from external malicious attacks. There is especially an emerging trend of cyber crime threat against Information System Solutions. This is what should worry an organization. In fact, for as long as the system is exposed to vulnerability, even the opportunities do not serve any purpose to the organization. Information Systems Risk management is an essential function that an organization cannot do without unless it is planning to remain at risk of attacks. The management of an organization must therefore have a method of identifying possible risks, their causes and possible controls to put in place to regulate the exposure of sensitive data to external entities. There should be a continuous review of the risks to id entify the most critical dangers that the

The social meaning of clothing and dress Research Paper - 1

The companionable sum of clothing and dress - Research Paper ExampleClothes be put on bodies which are sigs of Selfhood are defined as extensions of self meaning in the cultural aspect. In this case, the meaning of apparel includes different aspects namely moral, social, and aesthetic (Danesi, 2004, p.179). On the other hand the manner of dressing is found on different parameters such as gender, culture and even religion. The dress codes, for example, are considered as canonical social requirements for dressing (Danesi, 2004, p.179).Based on the definition of clothes and dress then it can be considered that the manner by which multitude present himself or herself can either be based on personal preference or based on the rules of social institutions he or she may belong. In this manner, the social meaning of clothing and dress should be discussed on the basis of two categories.One of the main categories in the social meaning of clothing is the personal preference of the one wearing the clothes. It had been known that clothes and dresses can be considered as one of the basic indications of a persons character. According to Davis, as quoted in the work of Barnard (2002), clothes that nation wear are considered as social statements. Although most people can be considered to choose clothes unconsciously, their personal preference al substances comes out (p.72).There are different factors that can take part in the choice of clothes and dresses that people wear which at the same time can present their personal preference. One factor is fashion. It can affect the way people choose clothes for a particular season and occasion. Within each trend though, people can still choose what they feel most comfortable in. Another factor is the cultural influence, which is more(prenominal) on the region where a person resides. In the present and modern era where traditional costumes are less worn, differences in the manner by which people choose clothes can still be obs erved

About a memorable experience Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

About a memorable deliver - Essay ExampleThese make me swing the negative side of life, with tout ensemble the bad experiences it presents. They always remind me that the bad experiences never last, and it is always a matter of time before I smile again. Among all the good experiences I have had, at that place is only one, which will remain embedded in my mind forever. This is one bittersweet, but memorable experience that has in many ways, influenced my life, especially the way I perceive the world today and the things therein.It all started as a joke, and little did I know that this could culminate into a life-changing experience. On this warm summer afternoon, I asked my friends for their opinions about what we would do for my birthday, as the normal house parties had become monotonous, and I wanted a opposite experience. How about this time round you be the one giving out gifts? Give gifts to people on your birthday one of my friends suggested. That sounds great . . . but ho w? I wondered. The homeless another friend quickly suggested. The sextet of us agreed to make it our project, and we started counting down days. Each person would start keeping stuff, which we would move as our gifts. Each one of us would also save little money to buy forage and other stuff. With only one and a half months remaining to my birthday, everyone was committed to playing their role. When it was only dickens weeks remaining, we identified the homeless people we would visit and set everything in order.Finally, it was the eve of my birthday. I invited my friends to our house so we could set all the stuff in order in preparation for the next day. Both my friends parents and my parents were skilful with our plan and offered us a little more money and stuff to add up. When morning came, we all were happy and anticipated for the unfolding of events in that day. My mum offered to drive us to the designated place. In an hours time, we arrived at our destination. We unpacked o ur luggage and went ahead to